# 0.2 Multidimensional index mapping  (Page 2/6)

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Reference [link] should be consulted for the details of these conditions and examples. Two classes of index maps are definedfrom these conditions.

## Type-one index map:

The map of [link] is called a type-one map when integers $a$ and $b$ exist such that

${K}_{1}=a{N}_{2}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\text{and}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{K}_{2}=b{N}_{1}$

## Type-two index map:

The map of [link] is called a type-two map when when integers $a$ and $b$ exist such that

${K}_{1}=a{N}_{2}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\text{or}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{K}_{2}=b{N}_{1},\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\text{but}\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{not}\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{both.}$

The type-one can be used only if the factors of $N$ are relatively prime, but the type-two can be used whether they are relatively prime ornot. Good [link] , Thomas, and Winograd [link] all used the type-one map in their DFT algorithms. Cooley and Tukey [link] used the type-two in their algorithms, both for a fixed radix $\left(N={R}^{M}\right)$ and a mixed radix [link] .

The frequency index is defined by a map similar to [link] as

$k={\left(\left({K}_{3}{k}_{1}+{K}_{4}{k}_{2}\right)\right)}_{N}$

where the same conditions, [link] and [link] , are used for determining the uniqueness of this map in terms of the integers ${K}_{3}$ and ${K}_{4}$ .

Two-dimensional arrays for the input data and its DFT are defined using these index maps to give

$\stackrel{^}{x}\left({n}_{1},{n}_{2}\right)=x{\left(\left({K}_{1}{n}_{1}+{K}_{2}{n}_{2}\right)\right)}_{N}$
$\stackrel{^}{X}\left({k}_{1},{k}_{2}\right)=X{\left(\left({K}_{3}{k}_{1}+{K}_{4}{k}_{2}\right)\right)}_{N}$

In some of the following equations, the residue reduction notation will be omitted for clarity. These changes of variablesapplied to the definition of the DFT given in [link] give

$C\left(k\right)=\sum _{{n}_{2}=0}^{{N}_{2}-1}\sum _{{n}_{1}=0}^{{N}_{1}-1}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}x\left(n\right)\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{W}_{N}^{{K}_{1}{K}_{3}{n}_{1}{k}_{1}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{W}_{N}^{{K}_{1}{K}_{4}{n}_{1}{k}_{2}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{W}_{N}^{{K}_{2}{K}_{3}{n}_{2}{k}_{1}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{W}_{N}^{{K}_{2}{K}_{4}{n}_{2}{k}_{2}}$

where all of the exponents are evaluated modulo $N$ .

The amount of arithmetic required to calculate [link] is the same asin the direct calculation of [link] . However, because of the special nature of the DFT, the integer constants ${K}_{i}$ can be chosen in such a way that the calculations are “uncoupled" andthe arithmetic is reduced. The requirements for this are

${\left(\left({K}_{1}{K}_{4}\right)\right)}_{N}=0\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\text{and/or}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\left(\left({K}_{2}{K}_{3}\right)\right)}_{N}=0$

When this condition and those for uniqueness in [link] are applied, it is found that the ${K}_{i}$ may always be chosen such that one of the terms in [link] is zero. If the ${N}_{i}$ are relatively prime, it is always possible to make both terms zero. If the ${N}_{i}$ are not relatively prime, only one of the terms can be set to zero. When they are relatively prime, there is a choice, itis possible to either set one or both to zero. This in turn causes one or both of the center two $W$ terms in [link] to become unity.

An example of the Cooley-Tukey radix-4 FFT for a length-16 DFT uses the type-two map with ${K}_{1}=4$ , ${K}_{2}=1$ , ${K}_{3}=1$ , ${K}_{4}=4$ giving

$n=4{n}_{1}+{n}_{2}$
$k={k}_{1}+4{k}_{2}$

The residue reduction in [link] is not needed here since $n$ does not exceed $N$ as ${n}_{1}$ and ${n}_{2}$ take on their values. Since, in this example, the factors of $N$ have a common factor, only one of the conditions in [link] can hold and, therefore, [link] becomes

$\stackrel{^}{C}\left({k}_{1},{k}_{2}\right)=C\left(k\right)=\sum _{{n}_{2}=0}^{3}\sum _{{n}_{1}=0}^{3}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}x\left(n\right)\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{W}_{4}^{{n}_{1}{k}_{1}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{W}_{16}^{{n}_{2}{k}_{1}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{W}_{4}^{{n}_{2}{k}_{2}}$

Note the definition of ${W}_{N}$ in [link] allows the simple form of ${W}_{16}^{{K}_{1}{K}_{3}}={W}_{4}$

This has the form of a two-dimensional DFT with an extra term ${W}_{16}$ , called a “twiddle factor". The inner sum over ${n}_{1}$ represents four length-4 DFTs, the ${W}_{16}$ term represents 16 complex multiplications, and the outer sum over ${n}_{2}$ represents another four length-4 DFTs. This choice of the ${K}_{i}$ “uncouples" the calculations since the first sum over ${n}_{1}$ for ${n}_{2}=0$ calculates the DFT of the first row of the data array $\stackrel{^}{x}\left({n}_{1},{n}_{2}\right)$ , and those data values are never needed in the succeeding row calculations. The row calculations are independent,and examination of the outer sum shows that the column calculations are likewise independent. This is illustrated in [link] .

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what are the products of Nano chemistry?
There are lots of products of nano chemistry... Like nano coatings.....carbon fiber.. And lots of others..
learn
Even nanotechnology is pretty much all about chemistry... Its the chemistry on quantum or atomic level
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da
no nanotechnology is also a part of physics and maths it requires angle formulas and some pressure regarding concepts
Bhagvanji
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
revolt
da
Application of nanotechnology in medicine
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I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
Nasa has use it in the 60's, copper as water purification in the moon travel.
Alexandre
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Alexandre
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Rafiq
industrial application...? mmm I think on the medical side as drug carrier, but you should go deeper on your research, I may be wrong
Damian
How we are making nano material?
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What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
how nano science is used for hydrophobicity
Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
what is differents between GO and RGO?
Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
if virus is killing to make ARTIFICIAL DNA OF GRAPHENE FOR KILLED THE VIRUS .THIS IS OUR ASSUMPTION
Anam
analytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .
Anam
Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
Hafiz
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
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