# 10.3 Solving quadratic equations using the method of extraction of

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This module is from Elementary Algebra</link> by Denny Burzynski and Wade Ellis, Jr. Methods of solving quadratic equations as well as the logic underlying each method are discussed. Factoring, extraction of roots, completing the square, and the quadratic formula are carefully developed. The zero-factor property of real numbers is reintroduced. The chapter also includes graphs of quadratic equations based on the standard parabola, y = x^2, and applied problems from the areas of manufacturing, population, physics, geometry, mathematics (numbers and volumes), and astronomy, which are solved using the five-step method.Objectives of this module: be able to solve quadratic equations using the method of extraction of roots, be able to determine the nature of the solutions to a quadratic equation.

## Overview

• The Method Of Extraction Of Roots
• The Nature Of Solutions

## Extraction of roots

Quadratic equations of the form ${x}^{2}-K=0$ can be solved by the method of extraction of roots by rewriting it in the form ${x}^{2}=K.$

To solve ${x}^{2}=K,$ we are required to find some number, $x,$ that when squared produces $K.$ This number, $x,$ must be a square root of $K.$ If $K$ is greater than zero, we know that it possesses two square roots, $\sqrt{K}$ and $-\sqrt{K}.$ We also know that

$\begin{array}{ccc}{\left(\sqrt{K}\right)}^{2}=\left(\sqrt{K}\right)\left(\sqrt{K}\right)=K& \text{and}& {\left(-\sqrt{K}\right)}^{2}=\left(-\sqrt{K}\right)\left(-\sqrt{K}\right)\end{array}=K$

We now have two replacements for $x$ that produce true statements when substituted into the equation. Thus, $x=\sqrt{K}$ and $x=-\sqrt{K}$ are both solutions to ${x}^{2}=K.$ We use the notation $x=±\sqrt{K}$ to denote both the principal and the secondary square roots.

## Solutions of ${x}^{2}=K$

For quadratic equations of the form ${x}^{2}=K,$

1. If $K$ is greater than or equal to zero, the solutions are $±\sqrt{K}.$
2. If $K$ is negative, no real number solutions exist.
3. If $K$ is zero, the only solution is 0.

## Sample set a

Solve each of the following quadratic equations using the method of extraction of roots.

$\begin{array}{cccccc}{x}^{2}-49\hfill & =\hfill & 0.\hfill & \text{Rewrite}\text{.}\hfill & \hfill & \hfill \\ \hfill {x}^{2}& =\hfill & 49\hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill \\ \hfill x& =\hfill & ±\sqrt{49}\hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill \\ \hfill x& =\hfill & ±7\hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill \\ Check:\hfill & \hfill & {\left(7\right)}^{2}=49\hfill & \text{Is\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}correct?}\hfill & {\left(-7\right)}^{2}=49\hfill & \text{Is this correct}\hfill \\ \hfill & \hfill & 49=49\hfill & \text{Yes,\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}is\hspace{0.17em}correct}\text{.}\hfill & 49=49\hfill & \text{Yes,\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}is\hspace{0.17em}correct}\text{.}\hfill \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{rrr}25{a}^{2}& =& 36\hfill \\ {a}^{2}& =& \frac{36}{25}\hfill \\ a& =& ±\sqrt{\frac{36}{25}}\hfill \\ a& =& ±\frac{6}{5}\hfill \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{lllllllllll}Check:\hfill & \hfill & \hfill 25{\left(\frac{6}{5}\right)}^{2}& =\hfill & 36\hfill & \text{Is\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}correct?}\hfill & \hfill & \hfill 25{\left(\frac{-6}{5}\right)}^{2}& =\hfill & 36\hfill & \text{Is\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}correct?}\hfill \\ \hfill & \hfill & \hfill 25{\left(\frac{36}{25}\right)}^{2}& =\hfill & 36\hfill & \text{Is\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}correct?}\hfill & \hfill & \hfill 25\left(\frac{36}{25}\right)& =\hfill & 36\hfill & \text{Is\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}correct?}\hfill \\ \hfill & \hfill & \hfill 36& =\hfill & 36\hfill & \text{Yes,\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}is\hspace{0.17em}correct}\text{.}\hfill & \hfill & \hfill 36& =\hfill & 36\hfill & \text{Yes,\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}is\hspace{0.17em}correct}\text{.}\hfill \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{rrr}4{m}^{2}-32& =& 0\hfill \\ 4{m}^{2}& =\hfill & 32\hfill \\ {m}^{2}& =& \frac{32}{4}\hfill \\ {m}^{2}& =& 8\hfill \\ m& =& ±\sqrt{8}\hfill \\ m& =& ±2\sqrt{2}\hfill \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{llllllllll}\hfill Check:& \hfill & \hfill 4{\left(2\sqrt{2}\right)}^{2}& =\hfill & 32\hfill & \text{Is\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}correct?}\hfill & \hfill 4{\left(-2\sqrt{2}\right)}^{2}& =\hfill & 32\hfill & \text{Is\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}correct?}\hfill \\ \hfill & \hfill & \hfill 4\left[{2}^{2}{\left(\sqrt{2}\right)}^{2}\right]& =\hfill & 32\hfill & \text{Is\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}correct?}\hfill & \hfill 4\left[{\left(-2\right)}^{2}{\left(\sqrt{2}\right)}^{2}\right]& =\hfill & 32\hfill & \text{Is\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}correct?}\hfill \\ \hfill & \hfill & \hfill 4\left[4\text{\hspace{0.17em}}·\text{\hspace{0.17em}}2\right]& =\hfill & 32\hfill & \text{Is\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}correct?}\hfill & \hfill 4\left[4\text{\hspace{0.17em}}·\text{\hspace{0.17em}}2\right]& =\hfill & 32\hfill & \text{Is\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}correct?}\hfill \\ \hfill & \hfill & \hfill 4\text{\hspace{0.17em}}·\text{\hspace{0.17em}}8& =\hfill & 32\hfill & \text{Is\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}correct?}\hfill & \hfill 4\text{\hspace{0.17em}}·\text{\hspace{0.17em}}8& =\hfill & 32\hfill & \text{Is\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}correct?}\hfill \\ \hfill & \hfill & \hfill 32& =\hfill & 32\hfill & \text{Yes,\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}is\hspace{0.17em}correct}\text{.}\hfill & \hfill 32& =\hfill & 32\hfill & \text{Yes,\hspace{0.17em}this\hspace{0.17em}is\hspace{0.17em}correct}\text{.}\hfill \end{array}$

Solve $5{x}^{2}-15{y}^{2}{z}^{7}=0$ for $x.$
$\begin{array}{lllll}5{x}^{2}& =& 15{y}^{2}{z}^{7}& & \text{Divide\hspace{0.17em}both\hspace{0.17em}sides\hspace{0.17em}by\hspace{0.17em}5}\text{.}\\ \hfill {x}^{2}& =& 3{y}^{2}{z}^{7}& & \\ \hfill x& =& ±\sqrt{3{y}^{2}{z}^{7}}& & \\ \hfill x& =& ±y{z}^{3}\sqrt{3z}& & \end{array}$

Calculator problem.  Solve $14{a}^{2}-235=0.$ Round to the nearest hundredth.
$\begin{array}{ccccc}14{a}^{2}-235\hfill & =& 0.\hfill & & \text{Rewrite}\text{.}\hfill \\ \hfill 14{a}^{2}& =& 235& & \text{Divide\hspace{0.17em}both\hspace{0.17em}sides\hspace{0.17em}by\hspace{0.17em}14}\text{.}\\ \hfill {a}^{2}& =& \frac{235}{14}& & \end{array}$
$\text{On\hspace{0.17em}the\hspace{0.17em}Calculator}$
$\begin{array}{ccc}\text{Type}& & 235\\ \text{Press}& & \begin{array}{|c|}\hline ÷\\ \hline\end{array}\\ \text{Type}& & 14\\ \text{Press}& & \begin{array}{|c|}\hline =\\ \hline\end{array}\\ \text{Press}& & \surd \\ \text{Display\hspace{0.17em}reads:}& & 4.0970373\end{array}$
Rounding to the nearest hundredth produces 4.10. We must be sure to insert the $±$ symbol. $a\approx ±4.10$

$\begin{array}{lll}{k}^{2}& =& -64\\ k& =& ±\sqrt{-64}\end{array}$
The radicand is negative so no real number solutions exist.

## Practice set a

Solve each of the following quadratic equations using the method of extraction of roots.

${x}^{2}-144=0$

$x=±12$

$9{y}^{2}-121=0$

$y=±\frac{11}{3}$

$6{a}^{2}=108$

$a=±3\sqrt{2}$

Solve $4{n}^{2}=24{m}^{2}{p}^{8}$ for $n.$

$n=±m{p}^{4}\sqrt{6}$

Solve $5{p}^{2}{q}^{2}=45{p}^{2}$ for $q.$

$q=±3$

Solve $16{m}^{2}-2206=0.$ Round to the nearest hundredth.

$m=±11.74$

${h}^{2}=-100$

## Sample set b

Solve each of the following quadratic equations using the method of extraction of roots.

$\begin{array}{lllllllll}\hfill {\left(x+2\right)}^{2}& =\hfill & 81\hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill \\ \hfill x+2& =\hfill & ±\sqrt{81}\hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill \\ \hfill x+2& =\hfill & ±9\hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \text{Subtract\hspace{0.17em}}2\text{\hspace{0.17em}from\hspace{0.17em}both\hspace{0.17em}sides}\text{.}\hfill \\ \hfill x& =\hfill & -2±9\hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill \\ \hfill x& =\hfill & -2+9\hfill & \hfill & \text{and}\hfill & \hfill & \hfill x& =\hfill & -2-9\hfill \\ \hfill x& =\hfill & 7\hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill & \hfill x& =\hfill & -11\hfill \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{lllll}{\left(a+3\right)}^{2}& =& 5& & \\ \hfill a+3& =& ±\sqrt{5}& & \text{Subtract\hspace{0.17em}3\hspace{0.17em}from\hspace{0.17em}both\hspace{0.17em}sides}\text{.}\\ \hfill a& =& -3±\sqrt{5}& & \end{array}$

## Practice set b

Solve each of the following quadratic equations using the method of extraction of roots.

${\left(a+6\right)}^{2}=64$

$a=2,-14$

${\left(m-4\right)}^{2}=15$

$m=4±\sqrt{15}$

${\left(y-7\right)}^{2}=49$

$y=0,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}14$

${\left(k-1\right)}^{2}=12$

$k=1±2\sqrt{3}$

${\left(x-11\right)}^{2}=0$

$x=11$

## Exercises

For the following problems, solve each of the quadratic equations using the method of extraction of roots.

${x}^{2}=36$

$x=±6$

${x}^{2}=49$

${a}^{2}=9$

$a=±3$

${a}^{2}=4$

${b}^{2}=1$

$b=±1$

${a}^{2}=1$

${x}^{2}=25$

$x=±5$

${x}^{2}=81$

${a}^{2}=5$

$a=±\sqrt{5}$

${a}^{2}=10$

${b}^{2}=12$

$b=±2\sqrt{3}$

${b}^{2}=6$

${y}^{2}=3$

$y=±\sqrt{3}$

${y}^{2}=7$

${a}^{2}-8=0$

$a=±2\sqrt{2}$

${a}^{2}-3=0$

${a}^{2}-5=0$

$a=±\sqrt{5}$

${y}^{2}-1=0$

${x}^{2}-10=0$

$x=±\sqrt{10}$

${x}^{2}-11=0$

$3{x}^{2}-27=0$

$x=±3$

$5{b}^{2}-5=0$

$2{x}^{2}=50$

$x=±5$

$4{a}^{2}=40$

$2{x}^{2}=24$

$x=±2\sqrt{3}$

For the following problems, solve for the indicated variable.

${x}^{2}=4{a}^{2},$ for $x$

${x}^{2}=9{b}^{2},$ for $x$

$x=±3b$

${a}^{2}=25{c}^{2},$ for $a$

${k}^{2}={m}^{2}{n}^{2},$ for $k$

$k=±mn$

${k}^{2}={p}^{2}{q}^{2}{r}^{2},$ for $k$

$2{y}^{2}=2{a}^{2}{n}^{2},$ for $y$

$y=±an$

$9{y}^{2}=27{x}^{2}{z}^{4},$ for $y$

${x}^{2}-{z}^{2}=0,$ for $x$

$x=±z$

${x}^{2}-{z}^{2}=0,$ for $z$

$5{a}^{2}-10{b}^{2}=0,$ for $a$

$a=b\sqrt{2},-b\sqrt{2}$

For the following problems, solve each of the quadratic equations using the method of extraction of roots.

${\left(x-1\right)}^{2}=4$

${\left(x-2\right)}^{2}=9$

$x=5,-1$

${\left(x-3\right)}^{2}=25$

${\left(a-5\right)}^{2}=36$

$x=11,-1$

${\left(a+3\right)}^{2}=49$

${\left(a+9\right)}^{2}=1$

$a=-8\text{\hspace{0.17em}},-10$

${\left(a-6\right)}^{2}=3$

${\left(x+4\right)}^{2}=5$

$a=-4\text{\hspace{0.17em}}±\sqrt{5}$

${\left(b+6\right)}^{2}=7$

${\left(x+1\right)}^{2}=a,$ for $x$

$x=-1\text{\hspace{0.17em}}±\sqrt{a}$

${\left(y+5\right)}^{2}=b,$ for $y$

${\left(y+2\right)}^{2}={a}^{2},$ for $y$

$y=-2±a$

${\left(x+10\right)}^{2}={c}^{2},$ for $x$

${\left(x-a\right)}^{2}={b}^{2},$ for $x$

$x=a±b$

${\left(x+c\right)}^{2}={a}^{2},$ for $x$

## calculator problems

For the following problems, round each result to the nearest hundredth.

$8{a}^{2}-168=0$

$a=±4.58$

$6{m}^{2}-5=0$

$0.03{y}^{2}=1.6$

$y=±7.30$

$0.048{x}^{2}=2.01$

$1.001{x}^{2}-0.999=0$

$x=±1.00$

## Exercises for review

( [link] ) Graph the linear inequality $3\left(x+2\right)<2\left(3x+4\right).$

( [link] ) Solve the fractional equation $\frac{x-1}{x+4}=\frac{x+3}{x-1}.$

$x=\frac{-11}{9}$

( [link] ) Find the product: $\sqrt{32{x}^{3}{y}^{5}}\sqrt{2{x}^{3}{y}^{3}}.$

( [link] ) Solve ${x}^{2}-4x=0.$

$x=0,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}4$

( [link] ) Solve ${y}^{2}-8y=-12.$

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