# 0.4 Chemical bonding  (Page 8/9)

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Write the chemical formula for copper (II) chloride.

1. A molecule of copper (II) chloride contains the elements copper and chlorine .

2. The valency of copper is 2, while the valency of chlorine is 1. In a molecule of copper (II) chloride, two atoms of chlorine will combine with one atom of copper.

3. The chemical formula for copper (II) chloride is therefore:

$\mathrm{CuCl}{}_{2}$

## The formulae of ionic compounds

The overall charge of an ionic compound will always be zero and so the negative and positive charge must be the same size. We can use this information to work out what the chemical formula of an ionic compound is if we know the charge on the individual ions. In the case of $\mathrm{NaCl}$ for example, the charge on the sodium is $+1$ and the charge on the chlorine is $-1$ . The charges balance ( $+1-1=0$ ) and therefore the ionic compound is neutral. In $\mathrm{MgO}$ , magnesium has a charge of $+2$ and oxygen has a charge of $-2$ . Again, the charges balance and the compound is neutral. Positive ions are called cations and negative ions are called anions .

Some ions are made up of groups of atoms, and these are called compound ions . It is a good idea to learn the compound ions that are shown in [link]

 Name of compound ion formula Name of compound ion formula Carbonate $\mathrm{CO}{}_{3}^{2-}$ Nitrate ${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}^{-}$ Sulphate ${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$ Hydrogen sulphite ${\mathrm{HSO}}_{3}^{-}$ Hydroxide ${\mathrm{OH}}^{-}$ Hydrogen sulphate ${\mathrm{HSO}}_{4}^{-}$ Ammonium ${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}^{+}$ Dihydrogen phosphate ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{PO}}_{4}^{-}$ Nitrate ${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$ Hypochlorite ${\mathrm{ClO}}^{-}$ Hydrogen carbonate ${\mathrm{HCO}}_{3}^{-}$ Acetate (ethanoate) ${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}{\mathrm{COO}}^{-}$ Phosphate ${\mathrm{PO}}_{4}^{3-}$ Oxalate ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{2-}$ Chlorate ${\mathrm{ClO}}_{3}^{-}$ Oxide ${\mathrm{O}}^{2-}$ Cyanide ${\mathrm{CN}}^{-}$ Peroxide ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{2-}$ Chromate ${\mathrm{CrO}}_{4}^{2-}$ Sulphide ${\mathrm{S}}^{2-}$ Permanganate ${\mathrm{MnO}}_{4}^{-}$ Sulphite ${\mathrm{SO}}_{3}^{2-}$ Thiosulphate ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{2-}$ Manganate ${\mathrm{MnO}}_{4}^{2-}$ Phosphide ${\mathrm{P}}^{3-}$ Hydrogen phosphate ${\mathrm{HPO}}_{4}^{3-}$

In the case of ionic compounds, the valency of an ion is the same as its charge (Note: valency is always expressed as a positive number e.g. valency of the chloride ion is 1 and not -1). Since an ionic compound is always neutral , the positive charges in the compound must balance out the negative. The following are some examples:

Write the chemical formula for potassium iodide.

1. Potassium iodide contains potassium and iodide ions.

2. Potassium iodide contains the ions $\mathrm{K}{}^{+}$ ( $\mathrm{valency}=1$ ; $\mathrm{charge}=+1$ ) and $\mathrm{I}{}^{-}$ ( $\mathrm{valency}=1$ ; $\mathrm{charge}=-1$ ). In order to balance the charge in a single molecule, one atom of potassium will be needed for every one atom of iodine.

3. The chemical formula for potassium iodide is therefore:

$\mathrm{KI}$

Write the chemical formula for sodium sulphate.

1. Sodium sulphate contains sodium ions and sulphate ions.

2. $\mathrm{Na}{}^{+}$ (valency = 1; charge = +1) and $\mathrm{SO}{}_{4}^{2-}$ ( $\mathrm{valency}=2$ ; $\mathrm{charge}=-2$ ).

3. Two sodium ions will be needed to balance the charge of the sulphate ion. The chemical formula for sodium sulphate is therefore:

$\mathrm{Na}{}_{2}\mathrm{SO}{}_{4}$

Write the chemical formula for calcium hydroxide.

1. Calcium hydroxide contains calcium ions and hydroxide ions.

2. Calcium hydroxide contains the ions ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}$ ( $\mathrm{charge}=+2$ ) and $\mathrm{OH}{}^{-}$ ( $\mathrm{charge}=-1$ ). In order to balance the charge in a single molecule, two hydroxide ions will be needed for every ion of calcium.

3. The chemical formula for calcium hydroxide is therefore:

$\mathrm{Ca\left(OH\right)}{}_{2}$

What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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Good
What makes metals better to use as wires than non-metals? (please link to bonding type)??? HELP