# 0.3 Modelling corruption  (Page 5/11)

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## The delta “function”

One way to see how a system behaves is to kick it and see how it responds.Some systems react sluggishly, barely moving away from their resting state, while othersrespond quickly and vigorously. Defining exactly what is meant mathematicallyby a “kick” is trickier than it seems because the kick must occur over a very short amount of time,yet must be energetic in order to have any effect. This section defines the impulse (or delta) function $\delta \left(t\right)$ , which is a useful “kick” for the study of linear systems.

The criterion that the impulse be energetic is translated to the mathematical statement that itsintegral over all time must be nonzero, and it is typically scaled to unity, that is,

${\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta \left(t\right)dt=1.$

The criterion that it occur over a very short time span is translated to the statement that, for every positive $ϵ$ ,

$\delta \left(t\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}0\hfill & t<-ϵ\hfill \\ 0\hfill & t>ϵ\hfill \end{array}\right).$

Thus, the impulse $\delta \left(t\right)$ is explicitly defined to be equal to zero for all $t\ne 0$ . On the other hand, $\delta \left(t\right)$ is implicitly defined when $t=0$ by the requirement that its integral be unity. Together, these guarantee that $\delta \left(t\right)$ is no ordinary function. The impulse is called a distribution and is the subject of considerable mathematical investigation.

The most important consequence of the definitions [link] and [link] is the sifting property

${\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }w\left(t\right)\delta \left(t-{t}_{0}\right)dt=w\left(t\right){|}_{t={t}_{0}}=w\left({t}_{0}\right),$

which says that the delta function picks out the value of the function $w\left(t\right)$ from under the integral at exactly the time whenthe argument of the $\delta$ function is zero, that is, when $t={t}_{0}$ . To see this, observe that $\delta \left(t-{t}_{0}\right)$ is zero whenever $t\ne {t}_{0}$ , and hence $w\left(t\right)\delta \left(t-{t}_{0}\right)$ is zero whenever $t\ne {t}_{0}$ . Thus,

$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill {\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }w\left(t\right)\delta \left(t-{t}_{0}\right)dt& =& {\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }w\left({t}_{0}\right)\delta \left(t-{t}_{0}\right)dt\hfill \\ & =& w\left({t}_{0}\right){\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta \left(t-{t}_{0}\right)dt\hfill \\ & =& w\left({t}_{0}\right)·1=w\left({t}_{0}\right).\hfill \end{array}$

Sometimes it is helpful to think of the impulse as a limit. For instance, define the rectangular pulseof width $1/n$ and height $n$ by

${\delta }_{n}\left(t\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}0,\hfill & t<-1/2n\hfill \\ n,\hfill & -1/2n\le t\le 1/2n\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & t>1/2n\hfill \end{array}\right).$

Then $\delta \left(t\right)={lim}_{n\to \infty }{\delta }_{n}\left(t\right)$ fulfills both criteria [link] and [link] . Informally, it is not unreasonable to think of $\delta \left(t\right)$ as being zero everywhere except at $t=0$ , where it is infinite.While it is not really possible to “plot” the delta function $\delta \left(t-{t}_{0}\right)$ , it can be represented in graphical form as zero everywhereexcept for an up-pointing arrow at ${t}_{0}$ . When the $\delta$ function is scaled by a constant, the value of the constant is often placedin parenthesis near the arrowhead. Sometimes, when the constant is negative, the arrow is drawn pointing down.For instance, [link] shows a graphical representation of the function $w\left(t\right)=\delta \left(t+10\right)-2\delta \left(t+1\right)+3\delta \left(t-5\right)$ .

What is the spectrum (Fourier transform) of $\delta \left(t\right)$ ? This can be calculated directly from the definitionby replacing $w\left(t\right)$ in [link] with $\delta \left(t\right)$ :

$\mathcal{F}\left\{\delta \left(t\right)\right\}={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta \left(t\right){e}^{-j2\pi ft}dt.$

Apply the sifting property [link] with $w\left(t\right)={e}^{-j2\pi ft}$ and ${t}_{0}=0$ . Thus $\mathcal{F}\left\{\delta \left(t\right)\right\}={e}^{-j2\pi ft}{|}_{t=0}=1$ .

Alternatively, suppose that $\delta$ is a function of frequency, that is, a spike at zero frequency.The corresponding time domain function can be calculated analogously using the definitionof the inverse Fourier transform, that is, by substituting $\delta \left(f\right)$ for $W\left(f\right)$ in [link] and integrating:

${\mathcal{F}}^{-1}\left\{\delta \left(f\right)\right\}={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta \left(f\right){e}^{j2\pi ft}df={e}^{j2\pi ft}{|}_{f=0}=1.$

Thus a spike at frequency zero is a “DC signal” (a constant) in time.

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is this allso about nanoscale material
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Joseph
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no can't
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William
currently
William
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nanopartical of organic/inorganic / physical chemistry , pdf / thesis / review
Ali
what are the products of Nano chemistry?
There are lots of products of nano chemistry... Like nano coatings.....carbon fiber.. And lots of others..
learn
Even nanotechnology is pretty much all about chemistry... Its the chemistry on quantum or atomic level
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da
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Bhagvanji
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Giriraj
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
revolt
da
Application of nanotechnology in medicine
has a lot of application modern world
Kamaluddeen
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narayan
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ya I also want to know the raman spectra
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Damian
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Professor
I think
Professor
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Damian
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LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
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Anam
Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
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write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
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