# 0.8 Stuff happens  (Page 2/14)

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"Other Impairments: More “What Ifs”" presents a series of “what if” questions concerning the various assumptionsmade in the construction of the ideal system, focusing on performance degradationscaused by synchronization loss and various kinds of distortions:

• What if there is channel noise? (The ideal system is noise free.)
• What if the channel has multipath interference? (There are no reflections or echoes in the ideal system.)
• What if the phase of the oscillator at the transmitter is unknown (or guessed incorrectly) at the receiver? (The ideal systemknows the phase exactly.)
• What if the frequency of the oscillator at the transmitter is off just a bit from its specification? (In the ideal system,the frequency is known exactly.)
• What if the sample instant associated with the arrival of top-dead-center of the leading pulse isinaccurate so that the receiver samples at the “wrong” times? (The sampler in the ideal system is never fooled.)
• What if the number of samples between symbols assumed by the receiver is different from that used at the transmitter? (These are the samein the ideal case.)

These questions are investigated via a series of experiments that require onlymodest modification of the ideal system simulation. These simulations will show (as with the time-varying channel gain)that small violations of the idealized assumptions can often be tolerated.However, as the operational conditions become more severe (as more stuff happens),the receiver must be made more robust.

Of course, it is not possible to fix all these problems in one chapter. That's what the rest of the book is for!

• Chapter [link] deals with methods to acquire and track changes in the carrier phase and frequency.
• Chapter [link] describes better pulse shapes and corresponding receive filters that perform wellin the presence of channel noise.
• Chapter [link] discusses techniques for tracking the symbol clock so that the samples can be taken at the best possibletimes.
• Chapter [link] designs a symbol-spaced filter that undoes multipath interference and can reject certain kinds ofin-band interference.
• Chapter [link] describes simple coding schemes that provide protection against channel noise.

## Simulating the ideal system

The simulation of the digital communication system in [link] divides into two parts just as the figure does.The first part creates the analog transmitted signal, and the second part implements the discrete-time receiver.

The message consists of the character string

01234 I wish I were an Oscar Meyer wiener 56789

In order to transmit this important message, it is first translated into the 4-PAM symbol set $±1,±3$ (which is designated $m\left[i\right]$ for $i=1,2,...,N$ ) using the subroutine letters2pam.m . This can be represented formally asthe analog pulse train ${\sum }_{i=0}^{N-1}m\left[i\right]\delta \left(t-iT\right)$ , where $T$ is the time interval between symbols. The simulation operates with an oversampling factor $M$ , which is the speed at which the “analog” portion of the system evolves.The pulse train enters a filter with pulse shape $p\left(t\right)$ . By the sifting property [link] , the output of the pulse shaping filteris the analog signal ${\sum }_{i=0}^{N-1}m\left[i\right]p\left(t-iT\right)$ , which is then modulated (by multiplication with acosine at the carrier frequency ${f}_{c}$ ) to form the transmitted signal

Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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