# 13.2 Simple random samples and statistics

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The (simple) random sample, is basic to much of classical statistics. Once formulated, we may apply probability theory to exhibit several basic ideas of statistical analysis. A population may be most any collection of individuals or entities. Associated with each member is a quantity or a feature that can be assigned a number. The population distribution is the distribution of that quantity among the members of the population.To obtain information about the population distribution, we select “at random” a subset of the population and observe how the quantity varies over the sample. Hopefully, the distribution in the sample will give a useful approximation to the population distribution. We obtain values of such quantities as the mean and variance in the sample (which are random quantities) and use these as estimators for corresponding population parameters (which are fixed). Probability analysis provides estimates of the variation of the sample parameters about the corresponding population parameters.

## Simple random samples and statistics

We formulate the notion of a (simple) random sample , which is basic to much of classical statistics. Once formulated, we may apply probability theory to exhibitseveral basic ideas of statistical analysis.

We begin with the notion of a population distribution . A population may be most any collection of individuals or entities. Associated with each member is aquantity or a feature that can be assigned a number. The quantity varies throughout the population. The population distribution is the distribution of that quantityamong the members of the population.

If each member could be observed, the population distribution could be determined completely. However, that is not always feasible. In order to obtain informationabout the population distribution, we select “at random” a subset of the population and observe how the quantity varies over the sample. Hopefully, thesample distribution will give a useful approximation to the population distribution.

The sampling process

We take a sample of size n , which means we select n members of the population and observe the quantity associated with each. The selection is done in such a manner thaton any trial each member is equally likely to be selected. Also, the sampling is done in such a way that the result of any one selection does not affect, and is not affected by,the others. It appears that we are describing a composite trial. We model the sampling process as follows:

• Let X i , $1\le i\le n$ be the random variable for the i th component trial. Then the class $\left\{{X}_{i}:1\le i\le n\right\}$ is iid, with each member having the population distribution.

This provides a model for sampling either from a very large population (often referred to as an infinite population) or sampling with replacement from a small population.

The goal is to determine as much as possible about the character of the population. Two important parameters are the mean and the variance. We want the population mean and thepopulation variance. If the sample is representative of the population, then the sample mean and the sample variance should approximate the population quantities.

Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
A fair die is tossed 180 times. Find the probability P that the face 6 will appear between 29 and 32 times inclusive