For the early photophosphorylation systems no oxygen was generated. These reactions evolved in anaerobic environments, there was very little molecular oxygen available. Two sets of reactions evolved under these conditions, both directly from anaerobic respiratory chains. These are known as the
light reactions because they require the activation of an electron (an excited electron)from the absorption of light energy by bacteriochlorophyll. The light reactions are categorized either as
cyclic or as
noncyclic photophosphorylation. To help you better understand the similarities of photophosphorylation to respiration, figure 9 below is an electron tower that will be useful in our discussion of photosphosphorylation.
Cyclic photophosphorylation
In cyclic photophosphorylation the bacteriochlorophyll
red molecule absorbs enough light energy to energize and eject an electron forming bacteriochlorophyll
ox . The electron reduces a carrier molecule in the reaction center which in turn reduces a series of carriers via red/ox reactions. These carriers are the same carriers found in respiration. If the change in reduction potential from the various red/ox reactions are sufficiently large, protons, H
+ are translocated across the membrane. Eventually the electron is used to reduce bacteriochlorophyll
ox and the whole process can start again. This is called cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons make a complete circuit: bacteriochlorophyll is the source of electrons and is the final electron acceptor. ATP is produced via the
F
1 F
0 ATPase . The schematic in figure 10 below demonstrates how cyclic photophosphorylation works.
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
In cyclic photophosphorylation electrons cycle from bacteriochlorophy (or chlorophyll) to a series of electron carriers and eventually back to bacteriochlorophyll (or chlorophyll): there is no loss of electrons, they stay in the system. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation the electrons are removed from the system, they eventually end up on NADPH. That means there needs to be a source of electrons, a source that has a higher reduction potential than bacteriochlorophyll (or chlorophyll) that can donate electrons to bacteriochlorophyll
ox to reduce it. An electron tower is proved below so you can see what compounds can be used to reduce the oxidized form of bacteriochlorophyll. The second requirement, is that when bacteriochlorophyll becomes oxidized and the electron is ejected it must reduce a carrier that has a lower (more negative) reduction potential than NADP/NADPH (see the electron tower). In this case, electrons can flow from energized bacteriochlorophyll to NADP forming NADPH and oxidized bacteriochlorophyll. Electrons are lost from the system and end up on NADPH, to complete the circuit bacteriochlorophyll
ox is reduced by an external electron donor, such as H
2 S or elemental S
0 . This is diagrammed in figure 11 below.
Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
effective communication can lead to improved outcomes in various settings, including personal relationships, business environments, and educational settings. By communicating effectively, individuals can negotiate effectively, solve problems collaboratively, and work towards common goals.
it starts up serve and return practice/assessments.it helps find voice talking therapy also assessments through relaxed conversation.
miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
nature is an hereditary factor while nurture is an environmental factor which constitute an individual personality. so if an individual's parent has a deviant behavior and was also brought up in an deviant environment, observation of the behavior and the inborn trait we make the individual deviant.
Samuel
I am taking this course because I am hoping that I could somehow learn more about my chosen field of interest and due to the fact that being a PsyD really ignites my passion as an individual the more I hope to learn about developing and literally explore the complexity of my critical thinking skills
hello. autism is a umbrella term. autistic kids have different disorder overlapping. for example. a kid may show symptoms of ADHD and also learning disabilities.
before treatment please make sure the kid doesn't have physical disabilities like hearing..vision..speech problem. sometimes these
Jharna
continue..
sometimes due to these physical problems..the diagnosis may be misdiagnosed.
treatment for autism.
well it depends on the severity.
since autistic kids have problems in communicating and adopting to the environment.. it's best to expose the child in situations where the child
Jharna
child interact with other kids under doc supervision.
play therapy.
speech therapy.
Engaging in different activities that activate most parts of the brain.. like drawing..painting. matching color board game.
string and beads game.
the more you interact with the child the more effective
Jharna
results you'll get..
please consult a therapist to know what suits best on your child.
and last as a parent. I know sometimes it's overwhelming to guide a special kid.
but trust the process and be strong and patient as a parent.
Jharna
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