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I do plan to cover many of the remaining items in the list in Appendix A one or more times in this collection of modules but not necessarily in the order given.

This is a work in process, covering a wealth of knowledge, which I will be updating in upcoming months and possibly even years.

Text based vs. drag-and-drop vs. popup programming

Text-based programming

Historically, computer programs have been written by typing text on a computer keyboard, and that remains true even today for mainstream programming.That is what I mean when I refer to text-based programming.

However, in recent years, two alternative ways to create computer code have become popular:

  • Drag-and-drop programming
  • Popup programming

Drag-and-drop programming

As of May 2013, this form of programming is primarily used in environments that are designed for teaching programming concepts. Drag-and-drop programminghasn't yet made its way into mainstream programming. However, that may be about to change (see MIT App Inventor and Google blockly for example) .

The two primary players in the educational drag-and-drop programming field are Scratch and Alice , but they are not alone. Several other players are also on the scene (see Snap! and Tynker for example) .

The primary advantage of drag-and-drop programming is that it eliminates the requirement to memorize complex programming syntax and allows the programmer toconcentrate on the concepts. Most of the work is done by dragging visual images of blocks (containing program code) from a tool box and assembling them into a program. Very little keyboard work is required, which in turn greatly reducesthe likelihood of spelling and syntax errors.

Given the current popularity of touch screens and the disdain for keyboards, I see a bright future for drag-and-drop programming within the next ten years,even for large scale commercial applications. MIT App Inventor and blockly are leading the charge in that regard.

Popup programming is a supplement to text-based programming and is not intended for educational use. Instead, it is intended to make mainstreamprogrammers more productive by reducing the amount of typing required.

Many different forms exist, but they generally take on the form of a popup menu that appears at certain critical times to allow the programmer to selectcode from a menu as an alternative to typing the code.

One form of popup programming is code completion . With code completion, the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) examines the first few characters typed by the programmer and makes an educated guess as to theremaining required characters, which the programmer can either accept or reject.

Scratch

I suspect that the all time most successful self-study programming environment for beginners is Scratch . This is probably the result of three factors:

  • Scratch makes it easy to get started programming
  • Scratch is engaging for today's fast-paced multimedia generation
  • Scratch provides a monitored online social network that allows interaction among beginners with a commoninterest.

Questions & Answers

how does Neisseria cause meningitis
Nyibol Reply
what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
which site have a normal flora
ESTHER Reply
Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin
Asiina
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
all
Tesfaye
by fussion
Asiina
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
what is inflammation
Shelly Reply
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Micheal Reply
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
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Source:  OpenStax, Teaching beginners to code. OpenStax CNX. May 27, 2013 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11498/1.20
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