# Carrier phase modulation

 Page 1 / 1
A description of phase shift keying in which information is conveyed through the phase of the modulated signal.

## Phase shift keying (psk)

Information is impressed on the phase of the carrier. As data changes from symbol period to symbol period, the phase shifts.

$\forall m, m\in \{1, 2, , M\}\colon {s}_{m}(t)=A{P}_{T}(t)\cos (2\pi {f}_{c}t+\frac{2\pi (m-1)}{M})$

Binary ${s}_{1}(t)$ or ${s}_{2}(t)$

## Representing the signals

An orthonormal basis to represent the signals is

${}_{1}(t)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{{E}_{s}}}A{P}_{T}(t)\cos (2\pi {f}_{c}t)$
${}_{2}(t)=\frac{-1}{\sqrt{{E}_{s}}}A{P}_{T}(t)\sin (2\pi {f}_{c}t)$

The signal

${S}_{m}(t)=A{P}_{T}(t)\cos (2\pi {f}_{c}t+\frac{2\pi (m-1)}{M})$
${S}_{m}(t)=A\cos \left(\frac{2\pi (m-1)}{M}\right){P}_{T}(t)\cos (2\pi {f}_{c}t)-A\sin \left(\frac{2\pi (m-1)}{M}\right){P}_{T}(t)\sin (2\pi {f}_{c}t)$

The signal energy

${E}_{s}=\int_{()} \,d t$ A 2 P T t 2 2 f c t 2 m 1 M 2 t 0 T A 2 1 2 1 2 4 f c t 4 m 1 M
${E}_{s}=\frac{A^{2}T}{2}+\frac{1}{2}A^{2}\int_{0}^{T} \cos (4\pi {f}_{c}t+\frac{4\pi (m-1)}{M})\,d t\approx \frac{A^{2}T}{2}$
(Note that in the above equation, the integral in the last step before the aproximation is very small.)Therefore,
${}_{1}(t)=\sqrt{\frac{2}{T}}{P}_{T}(t)\cos (2\pi {f}_{c}t)$
${}_{2}(t)=-\sqrt{\frac{2}{T}}{P}_{T}(t)\sin (2\pi {f}_{c}t)$

In general,

$\forall m, m\in \{1, 2, , M\}\colon {s}_{m}(t)=A{P}_{T}(t)\cos (2\pi {f}_{c}t+\frac{2\pi (m-1)}{M})$
and ${}_{1}(t)$
${}_{1}(t)=\sqrt{\frac{2}{T}}{P}_{T}(t)\cos (2\pi {f}_{c}t)$
${}_{2}(t)=\sqrt{\frac{2}{T}}{P}_{T}(t)\sin (2\pi {f}_{c}t)$
${s}_{m}=\left(\begin{array}{c}\sqrt{{E}_{s}}\cos \left(\frac{2\pi (m-1)}{M}\right)\\ \sqrt{{E}_{s}}\sin \left(\frac{2\pi (m-1)}{M}\right)\end{array}\right)$

## Demodulation and detection

${r}_{t}={s}_{m}(t)+{N}_{t}\text{for some}m\in \{1, 2, , M\}$

We must note that due to phase offset of the oscillator at the transmitter, phase jitter or phase changes occur because of propagation delay.

${r}_{t}=A{P}_{T}(t)\cos (2\pi {f}_{c}t+\frac{2\pi (m-1)}{M}+)+{N}_{t}$

For binary PSK, the modulation is antipodal, and the optimum receiver in AWGN has average bit-error probability

${P}_{e}=Q(\sqrt{\frac{2({E}_{s})}{{N}_{0}}})=Q(A\sqrt{\frac{T}{{N}_{0}()}})$
${r}_{t}=(A{P}_{T}(t)\cos (2\pi {f}_{c}t+))+{N}_{t}$
The statistics
${r}_{1}=\int_{0}^{T} {r}_{t}\cos (2\pi {f}_{c}t+\stackrel{}{})\,d t=(\int_{0}^{T} A\cos (2\pi {f}_{c}t+)\cos (2\pi {f}_{c}t+\stackrel{}{})\,d t)+\int_{0}^{T} \cos (2\pi {f}_{c}t+\stackrel{}{}){N}_{t}\,d t$
${r}_{1}=(\frac{A}{2}\int_{0}^{T} \cos (4\pi {f}_{c}t++\stackrel{}{})+\cos (-\stackrel{}{})\,d t)+{}_{1}$
${r}_{1}=(\frac{A}{2}T\cos (-\stackrel{}{}))+\int_{0}^{T} (\frac{A}{2}\cos (4\pi {f}_{c}t++\stackrel{}{}))\,d t+{}_{1}(\frac{AT}{2}\cos (-\stackrel{}{}))+{}_{1}$
where ${}_{1}=\int_{0}^{T} {N}_{t}\cos ({}_{c}t+\stackrel{}{})\,d t$ is zero mean Gaussian with $\mathrm{variance}\approx \frac{^{2}{N}_{0}T}{4}$ .

Therefore,

$\langle {P}_{e}\rangle =Q(\frac{2\frac{AT}{2}\cos (-\stackrel{}{})}{2\sqrt{\frac{^{2}{N}_{0}T}{4}}})=Q(\cos (-\stackrel{}{})A\sqrt{\frac{T}{{N}_{0}}})$
which is not a function of  and depends strongly on phase accuracy.
${P}_{e}=Q(\cos (-\stackrel{}{})\sqrt{\frac{2{E}_{s}}{{N}_{0}}})$
The above result implies that the amplitude of the local oscillator in the correlator structure does not play a role inthe performance of the correlation receiver. However, the accuracy of the phase does indeed play a major role. Thispoint can be seen in the following example:

${x}_{{t}^{}}=-1^{i}A\cos (-(2\pi {f}_{c}{t}^{})+2\pi {f}_{c})$
${x}_{t}=-1^{i}A\cos (2\pi {f}_{c}t-2\pi {f}_{c}{}^{}-2\pi {f}_{c}+{}^{})$

Local oscillator should match to phase  .

What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
Privacy Information Security Software Version 1.1a
Good
Berger describes sociologists as concerned with
Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!