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Análisis de una relación n–aria

Si llegamos a este punto, sabemos con certeza de que la tabla representa una relación, y que a su vez esta relación no es binaria. Por ende, nos queda sólo determinar si es o no una agregación, y en el caso que no lo sea analizar las características de la relación (cardinalidad, entidades que relaciona, etc.).

Para realizar este análisis consideraremos que una relación n–aria es una relación que relaciona N entidades, siendo N un número mayor que dos (esto lo haremos porque las binarias las analizamos en la sección anterior, pero no se debe perder de vista que una relación binaria es un caso particular de una relación n–aria). A pesar de este hecho, existen tres posibilidades bien diferenciadas en una relación n–aria, vinculadas con sus cardinalidades: la primera es que todas sus cardinalidades sean uno, la segunda es que todas sus cardinalidades sean N y finalmente que sus cardinalidades sean una mezcla entre unos y enes.

Relación n–aria con todas sus cardinalidades n

Si una tabla representa una relación n–aria con todas sus cardinalidades N, entonces sabemos con certeza de que dicha tabla no posee claves únicas para representar su cardinalidad (debido a que no necesita esto).

Distinguir este tipo de relación es sumamente fácil, debido a que para representar esta cardinalidad todas las claves foráneas que forman la relación deben formar a su vez la clave primaria de la tabla.

Ahora puede darse el caso de que se quiera representar una relación entre varias entidades, en donde una de estas entidades no se represente tanto en el modelo lógico como en el físico. No tenemos duda que es una relación n–aria con todas sus cardinalidades N, debido a que no posee claves únicas y todas las claves foráneas forman la clave primaria. Pero no todos los atributos que componen a la clave primaria son foráneos, por lo tanto deducimos que existen entidades no representadas en el modelo físico. Aquí se evaluarán dichos atributos según los criterios que nosotros impongamos (por ejemplo, cada atributo es una entidad no representada, preguntar al usuario, etc.).

A continuación planteo un ejemplo, de una relación n–aria con entidades no representadas:

Tipos_de_Movimientos Conformes Tipos_Conformes
Número_Tipo (PK) Número_Conforme (PK) Número_Tipo (PKFK)Número_Conforme (PKFK)Fecha (PK)

En las tablas anteriores, notamos que en la tabla Tipos_Conformes el atributo Fecha forma parte de la clave primaria de la tabla, pero no compone ninguna clave foránea, por lo tanto deducimos que es una entidad no representada (no sería lógico tener en el modelo físico una tabla con todas las fechas posibles; en cambio, en el modelo conceptual sí es útil y muchas veces necesario).

La representación conceptual de la tabla anteriormente expuesta es la siguiente:

Relación n–aria con todas sus cardinalidades 1

Para determinar si una relación pertenece a este tipo debemos estudiar sus claves candidatas (es decir, sus claves únicas). En este caso sabemos que toda clave foránea que pertenezca a una entidad que esta tabla relaciona se debe encontrar ya sea en la clave primaria o en alguna de sus claves únicas.

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Source:  OpenStax, Técnicas de mantenimiento de software. OpenStax CNX. Jan 09, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10571/1.6
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