1.2 Exponents and scientific notation  (Page 8/9)

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Key equations

 Rules of Exponents For nonzero real numbers $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}a\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and integers $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}m\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}n\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Product rule ${a}^{m}\cdot {a}^{n}={a}^{m+n}$ Quotient rule $\frac{{a}^{m}}{{a}^{n}}={a}^{m-n}$ Power rule ${\left({a}^{m}\right)}^{n}={a}^{m\cdot n}$ Zero exponent rule ${a}^{0}=1$ Negative rule ${a}^{-n}=\frac{1}{{a}^{n}}$ Power of a product rule ${\left(a\cdot b\right)}^{n}={a}^{n}\cdot {b}^{n}$ Power of a quotient rule ${\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)}^{n}=\frac{{a}^{n}}{{b}^{n}}$

Key concepts

• Products of exponential expressions with the same base can be simplified by adding exponents. See [link] .
• Quotients of exponential expressions with the same base can be simplified by subtracting exponents. See [link] .
• Powers of exponential expressions with the same base can be simplified by multiplying exponents. See [link] .
• An expression with exponent zero is defined as 1. See [link] .
• An expression with a negative exponent is defined as a reciprocal. See [link] and [link] .
• The power of a product of factors is the same as the product of the powers of the same factors. See [link] .
• The power of a quotient of factors is the same as the quotient of the powers of the same factors. See [link] .
• The rules for exponential expressions can be combined to simplify more complicated expressions. See [link] .
• Scientific notation uses powers of 10 to simplify very large or very small numbers. See [link] and [link] .
• Scientific notation may be used to simplify calculations with very large or very small numbers. See [link] and [link] .

Verbal

Is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{2}^{3}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ the same as $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{3}^{2}?\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Explain.

No, the two expressions are not the same. An exponent tells how many times you multiply the base. So $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{2}^{3}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is the same as $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}2×2×2,$ which is 8. $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{3}^{2}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is the same as $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}3×3,$ which is 9.

When can you add two exponents?

What is the purpose of scientific notation?

It is a method of writing very small and very large numbers.

Explain what a negative exponent does.

Numeric

For the following exercises, simplify the given expression. Write answers with positive exponents.

$\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{9}^{2}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$

81

${15}^{-2}$

${3}^{2}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{3}^{3}$

243

${4}^{4}÷4$

${\left({2}^{2}\right)}^{-2}$

$\frac{1}{16}$

${\left(5-8\right)}^{0}$

${11}^{3}÷{11}^{4}$

$\frac{1}{11}$

${6}^{5}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{6}^{-7}$

${\left({8}^{0}\right)}^{2}$

1

${5}^{-2}÷{5}^{2}$

For the following exercises, write each expression with a single base. Do not simplify further. Write answers with positive exponents.

${4}^{2}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{4}^{3}÷{4}^{-4}$

${4}^{9}$

$\frac{{6}^{12}}{{6}^{9}}$

${\left({12}^{3}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×\text{\hspace{0.17em}}12\right)}^{10}$

${12}^{40}$

${10}^{6}÷{\left({10}^{10}\right)}^{-2}$

${7}^{-6}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{7}^{-3}$

$\frac{1}{{7}^{9}}$

${\left({3}^{3}÷{3}^{4}\right)}^{5}$

For the following exercises, express the decimal in scientific notation.

0.0000314

$3.14\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×{10}^{-5}$

148,000,000

For the following exercises, convert each number in scientific notation to standard notation.

$1.6\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{10}^{10}$

16,000,000,000

$9.8\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{10}^{-9}$

Algebraic

For the following exercises, simplify the given expression. Write answers with positive exponents.

$\frac{{a}^{3}{a}^{2}}{a}$

${a}^{4}$

$\frac{m{n}^{2}}{{m}^{-2}}$

${\left({b}^{3}{c}^{4}\right)}^{2}$

${b}^{6}{c}^{8}$

${\left(\frac{{x}^{-3}}{{y}^{2}}\right)}^{-5}$

$a{b}^{2}÷{d}^{-3}$

$a{b}^{2}{d}^{3}$

${\left({w}^{0}{x}^{5}\right)}^{-1}$

$\frac{{m}^{4}}{{n}^{0}}$

${m}^{4}$

${y}^{-4}{\left({y}^{2}\right)}^{2}$

$\frac{{p}^{-4}{q}^{2}}{{p}^{2}{q}^{-3}}$

$\frac{{q}^{5}}{{p}^{6}}$

${\left(l\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×\text{\hspace{0.17em}}w\right)}^{2}$

${\left({y}^{7}\right)}^{3}÷{x}^{14}$

$\frac{{y}^{21}}{{x}^{14}}$

${\left(\frac{a}{{2}^{3}}\right)}^{2}$

${5}^{2}m÷{5}^{0}m$

$25$

$\frac{{\left(16\sqrt{x}\right)}^{2}}{{y}^{-1}}$

$\frac{{2}^{3}}{{\left(3a\right)}^{-2}}$

$72{a}^{2}$

${\left(m{a}^{6}\right)}^{2}\frac{1}{{m}^{3}{a}^{2}}$

${\left({b}^{-3}c\right)}^{3}$

$\frac{{c}^{3}}{{b}^{9}}$

${\left({x}^{2}{y}^{13}÷{y}^{0}\right)}^{2}$

${\left(9{z}^{3}\right)}^{-2}y$

$\frac{y}{81{z}^{6}}$

Real-world applications

To reach escape velocity, a rocket must travel at the rate of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}2.2\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{10}^{6}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ ft/min. Rewrite the rate in standard notation.

A dime is the thinnest coin in U.S. currency. A dime’s thickness measures $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}1.35\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{10}^{-3}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ m. Rewrite the number in standard notation.

0.00135 m

The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 92,960,000 mi. Rewrite the distance using scientific notation.

A terabyte is made of approximately 1,099,500,000,000 bytes. Rewrite in scientific notation.

$1.0995×{10}^{12}$

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the United States in the first quarter of 2014 was $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{}1.71496\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{10}^{13}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Rewrite the GDP in standard notation.

One picometer is approximately $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}3.397\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{10}^{-11}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ in. Rewrite this length using standard notation.

0.00000000003397 in.

The value of the services sector of the U.S. economy in the first quarter of 2012 was \$10,633.6 billion. Rewrite this amount in scientific notation.

Technology

For the following exercises, use a graphing calculator to simplify. Round the answers to the nearest hundredth.

${\left(\frac{{12}^{3}{m}^{33}}{{4}^{-3}}\right)}^{2}$

12,230,590,464 $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{m}^{66}$

${17}^{3}÷{15}^{2}{x}^{3}$

Extensions

For the following exercises, simplify the given expression. Write answers with positive exponents.

${\left(\frac{{3}^{2}}{{a}^{3}}\right)}^{-2}{\left(\frac{{a}^{4}}{{2}^{2}}\right)}^{2}$

$\frac{{a}^{14}}{1296}$

${\left({6}^{2}-24\right)}^{2}÷{\left(\frac{x}{y}\right)}^{-5}$

$\frac{{m}^{2}{n}^{3}}{{a}^{2}{c}^{-3}}\cdot \frac{{a}^{-7}{n}^{-2}}{{m}^{2}{c}^{4}}$

$\frac{n}{{a}^{9}c}$

${\left(\frac{{x}^{6}{y}^{3}}{{x}^{3}{y}^{-3}}\cdot \frac{{y}^{-7}}{{x}^{-3}}\right)}^{10}$

${\left(\frac{{\left(a{b}^{2}c\right)}^{-3}}{{b}^{-3}}\right)}^{2}$

$\frac{1}{{a}^{6}{b}^{6}{c}^{6}}$

Avogadro’s constant is used to calculate the number of particles in a mole. A mole is a basic unit in chemistry to measure the amount of a substance. The constant is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}6.0221413\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{10}^{23}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Write Avogadro’s constant in standard notation.

Planck’s constant is an important unit of measure in quantum physics. It describes the relationship between energy and frequency. The constant is written as $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}6.62606957\text{\hspace{0.17em}}×\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{10}^{-34}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Write Planck’s constant in standard notation.

0.000000000000000000000000000000000662606957

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