# 5.1 Approximating areas  (Page 2/17)

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Write in sigma notation and evaluate the sum of terms 2 i for $i=3,4,5,6.$

$\sum _{i=3}^{6}{2}^{i}={2}^{3}+{2}^{4}+{2}^{5}+{2}^{6}=120$

The properties associated with the summation process are given in the following rule.

## Rule: properties of sigma notation

Let ${a}_{1},{a}_{2}\text{,…,}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{a}_{n}$ and ${b}_{1},{b}_{2}\text{,…,}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{b}_{n}$ represent two sequences of terms and let c be a constant. The following properties hold for all positive integers n and for integers m , with $1\le m\le n.$

1. $\sum _{i=1}^{n}c=nc$

2. $\sum _{i=1}^{n}c{a}_{i}=c\sum _{i=1}^{n}{a}_{i}$

3. $\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left({a}_{i}+{b}_{i}\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{a}_{i}+\sum _{i=1}^{n}{b}_{i}$

4. $\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left({a}_{i}-{b}_{i}\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{a}_{i}-\sum _{i=1}^{n}{b}_{i}$

5. $\sum _{i=1}^{n}{a}_{i}=\sum _{i=1}^{m}{a}_{i}+\sum _{i=m+1}^{n}{a}_{i}$

## Proof

We prove properties 2. and 3. here, and leave proof of the other properties to the Exercises.

2. We have

$\begin{array}{cc}\sum _{i=1}^{n}c{a}_{i}\hfill & =c{a}_{1}+c{a}_{2}+c{a}_{3}+\text{⋯}+c{a}_{n}\hfill \\ & =c\left({a}_{1}+{a}_{2}+{a}_{3}+\text{⋯}+{a}_{n}\right)\hfill \\ \\ \\ & =c\sum _{i=1}^{n}{a}_{i}.\hfill \end{array}$

3. We have

$\begin{array}{cc}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left({a}_{i}+{b}_{i}\right)\hfill & =\left({a}_{1}+{b}_{1}\right)+\left({a}_{2}+{b}_{2}\right)+\left({a}_{3}+{b}_{3}\right)+\text{⋯}+\left({a}_{n}+{b}_{n}\right)\hfill \\ & =\left({a}_{1}+{a}_{2}+{a}_{3}+\text{⋯}+{a}_{n}\right)+\left({b}_{1}+{b}_{2}+{b}_{3}+\text{⋯}+{b}_{n}\right)\hfill \\ \\ \\ & =\sum _{i=1}^{n}{a}_{i}+\sum _{i=1}^{n}{b}_{i}.\hfill \end{array}$

A few more formulas for frequently found functions simplify the summation process further. These are shown in the next rule, for sums and powers of integers , and we use them in the next set of examples.

## Rule: sums and powers of integers

1. The sum of n integers is given by
$\sum _{i=1}^{n}i=1+2+\text{⋯}+n=\frac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}.$
2. The sum of consecutive integers squared is given by
$\sum _{i=1}^{n}{i}^{2}={1}^{2}+{2}^{2}+\text{⋯}+{n}^{2}=\frac{n\left(n+1\right)\left(2n+1\right)}{6}.$
3. The sum of consecutive integers cubed is given by
$\sum _{i=1}^{n}{i}^{3}={1}^{3}+{2}^{3}+\text{⋯}+{n}^{3}=\frac{{n}^{2}{\left(n+1\right)}^{2}}{4}.$

## Evaluation using sigma notation

Write using sigma notation and evaluate:

1. The sum of the terms ${\left(i-3\right)}^{2}$ for $i=1,2\text{,…,}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}200.$
2. The sum of the terms $\left({i}^{3}-{i}^{2}\right)$ for $i=1,2,3,4,5,6.$
1. Multiplying out ${\left(i-3\right)}^{2},$ we can break the expression into three terms.
$\begin{array}{cc}\sum _{i=1}^{200}{\left(i-3\right)}^{2}\hfill & =\sum _{i=1}^{200}\left({i}^{2}-6i+9\right)\hfill \\ \\ \\ & =\sum _{i=1}^{200}{i}^{2}-\sum _{i=1}^{200}6i+\sum _{i=1}^{200}9\hfill \\ & =\sum _{i=1}^{200}{i}^{2}-6\sum _{i=1}^{200}i+\sum _{i=1}^{200}9\hfill \\ & =\frac{200\left(200+1\right)\left(400+1\right)}{6}-6\left[\frac{200\left(200+1\right)}{2}\right]+9\left(200\right)\hfill \\ & =2,686,700-120,600+1800\hfill \\ & =2,567,900\hfill \end{array}$
2. Use sigma notation property iv. and the rules for the sum of squared terms and the sum of cubed terms.
$\begin{array}{cc}\sum _{i=1}^{6}\left({i}^{3}-{i}^{2}\right)\hfill & =\sum _{i=1}^{6}{i}^{3}-\sum _{i=1}^{6}{i}^{2}\hfill \\ \\ \\ \\ & =\frac{{6}^{2}{\left(6+1\right)}^{2}}{4}-\frac{6\left(6+1\right)\left(2\left(6\right)+1\right)}{6}\hfill \\ & =\frac{1764}{4}-\frac{546}{6}\hfill \\ & =350\hfill \end{array}$

Find the sum of the values of $4+3i$ for $i=1,2\text{,…,}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}100.$

15,550

## Finding the sum of the function values

Find the sum of the values of $f\left(x\right)={x}^{3}$ over the integers $1,2,3\text{,…,}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}10.$

Using the formula, we have

$\begin{array}{cc}\sum _{i=0}^{10}{i}^{3}\hfill & =\frac{{\left(10\right)}^{2}{\left(10+1\right)}^{2}}{4}\hfill \\ \\ & =\frac{100\left(121\right)}{4}\hfill \\ & =3025.\hfill \end{array}$

Evaluate the sum indicated by the notation $\sum _{k=1}^{20}\left(2k+1\right).$

440

## Approximating area

Now that we have the necessary notation, we return to the problem at hand: approximating the area under a curve. Let $f\left(x\right)$ be a continuous, nonnegative function defined on the closed interval $\left[a,b\right].$ We want to approximate the area A bounded by $f\left(x\right)$ above, the x -axis below, the line $x=a$ on the left, and the line $x=b$ on the right ( [link] ).

How do we approximate the area under this curve? The approach is a geometric one. By dividing a region into many small shapes that have known area formulas, we can sum these areas and obtain a reasonable estimate of the true area. We begin by dividing the interval $\left[a,b\right]$ into n subintervals of equal width, $\frac{b-a}{n}.$ We do this by selecting equally spaced points ${x}_{0},{x}_{1},{x}_{2}\text{,…,}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{x}_{n}$ with ${x}_{0}=a,{x}_{n}=b,$ and

${x}_{i}-{x}_{i-1}=\frac{b-a}{n}$

for $i=1,2,3\text{,…,}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}n.$

We denote the width of each subinterval with the notation Δ x , so $\text{Δ}x=\frac{b-a}{n}$ and

${x}_{i}={x}_{0}+i\text{Δ}x$

#### Questions & Answers

find the domain and range of f(x)= 4x-7/x²-6x+8
find the range of f(x)=(x+1)(x+4)
-1, -4
Marcia
That's domain. The range is [-9/4,+infinity)
Jacob
If you're using calculus to find the range, you have to find the extrema through the first derivative test and then substitute the x-value for the extrema back into the original equation.
Jacob
Good morning,,, how are you
d/dx{1/y - lny + X^3.Y^5}
How to identify domain and range
hello
Akpevwe
He,,
Harrieta
hi
Dr
hello
velocity
I only talk to girls
Dr
women are smart then guys
Dr
Smarter
sorry
Dr
Dr
:(
Shun
was up
Dr
hello
is it chatting app?.. I do not see any calculus here. lol
Find the arc length of the graph of f(x) = In (sinx) on the interval [Π/4, Π/2].
Sand falling freely from a lorry form a conical shape whose height is always equal to one-third the radius of the base. a. How fast is the volume increasing when the radius of the base is (1m) and increasing at the rate of 1/4cm/sec Pls help me solve
show that lim f(x) + lim g(x)=m+l
list the basic elementary differentials
Differentiation and integration
yes
Damien
proper definition of derivative
the maximum rate of change of one variable with respect to another variable
terms of an AP is 1/v and the vth term is 1/u show that the sum of uv terms is 1/2(uv+1)
what is calculus?
calculus is math that studies the change in math, such as the rate and distance,
Tamarcus
what are the topics in calculus
Augustine
what is limit of a function?
what is x and how x=9.1 take?
what is f(x)
the function at x
Marc
also known as the y value so I could say y=2x or f(x)= 2x same thing just using functional notation your next question is what is dependent and independent variables. I am Dyslexic but know math and which is which confuses me. but one can vary the x value while y depends on which x you use. also
Marc
up domain and range
Marc
enjoy your work and good luck
Marc
I actually wanted to ask another questions on sets if u dont mind please?
Inembo
I have so many questions on set and I really love dis app I never believed u would reply
Inembo
Hmm go ahead and ask you got me curious too much conversation here
am sorry for disturbing I really want to know math that's why *I want to know the meaning of those symbols in sets* e.g n,U,A', etc pls I want to know it and how to solve its problems
Inembo
and how can i solve a question like dis *in a group of 40 students, 32 offer maths and 24 offer physics and 4 offer neither maths nor physics , how many offer both maths and physics*
Inembo
next questions what do dy mean by (A' n B^c)^c'
Inembo
The sets help you to define the function. The function is like a magic box where you put inside stuff(numbers or sets) and you get out the stuff but in different shapes (forms).
I dont understand what you wanna say by (A' n B^c)^c'
(A' n B (rise to the power of c)) all rise to the power of c
Inembo
Aaaahh
Ok so the set is formed by vectors and not numbers
A vector of length n
But you can make a set out of matrixes as well
I I don't even understand sets I wat to know d meaning of all d symbolsnon sets
Inembo
Wait what's your math level?
High-school?
yes
Inembo
am having big problem understanding sets more than other math topics
Inembo
So f:R->R means that the function takes real numbers and provides real numer. For ex. If f(x) =2x this means if you give to your function a real number like 2,it gives you also a real number 2times2=4
pls answer this question *in a group of 40 students, 32 offer maths and 24 offer physics and 4 offer neither maths nor physics , how many offer both maths and physics*
Inembo
If you have f:R^n->R^n you give to your function a vector of length n like (a1,a2,...an) where all a1,.. an are reals and gives you also a vector of length n... I don't know if i answering your question. Otherwise on YouTube you havr many videos where they explain it in a simple way
I would say 24
Offer both
Sorry 20
Actually you have 40 - 4 =36 who offer maths or physics or both.
I know its 20 but how to prove it
Inembo
You have 32+24=56who offer courses
56-36=20 who give both courses... I would say that
solution: In a question involving sets and Venn diagram, the sum of the members of set A + set B - the joint members of both set A and B + the members that are not in sets A or B = the total members of the set. In symbolic form n(A U B) = n(A) + n (B) - n (A and B) + n (A U B)'.
Mckenzie
In the case of sets A and B use the letters m and p to represent the sets and we have: n (M U P) = 40; n (M) = 24; n (P) = 32; n (M and P) = unknown; n (M U P)' = 4
Mckenzie
Now substitute the numerical values for the symbolic representation 40 = 24 + 32 - n(M and P) + 4 Now solve for the unknown using algebra: 40 = 24 + 32+ 4 - n(M and P) 40 = 60 - n(M and P) Add n(M and P), as well, subtract 40 from both sides of the equation to find the answer.
Mckenzie
40 - 40 + n(M and P) = 60 - 40 - n(M and P) + n(M and P) Solution: n(M and P) = 20
Mckenzie
thanks
Inembo
Simpler form: Add the sums of set M, set P and the complement of the union of sets M and P then subtract the number of students from the total.
Mckenzie
n(M and P) = (32 + 24 + 4) - 40 = 60 - 40 = 20
Mckenzie