# 23.5 Electric generators  (Page 3/6)

 Page 3 / 6

## Section summary

• An electric generator rotates a coil in a magnetic field, inducing an emf given as a function of time by
$\text{emf}=\text{NAB}\omega \phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\omega t}\text{,}$
where $A$ is the area of an $N$ -turn coil rotated at a constant angular velocity $\omega$ in a uniform magnetic field $B$ .
• The peak emf ${\text{emf}}_{0}$ of a generator is
${\text{emf}}_{0}=\text{NAB}\omega \text{.}$

## Conceptual questions

Using RHR-1, show that the emfs in the sides of the generator loop in [link] are in the same sense and thus add.

The source of a generator’s electrical energy output is the work done to turn its coils. How is the work needed to turn the generator related to Lenz’s law?

## Problems&Exercises

Calculate the peak voltage of a generator that rotates its 200-turn, 0.100 m diameter coil at 3600 rpm in a 0.800 T field.

474 V

At what angular velocity in rpm will the peak voltage of a generator be 480 V, if its 500-turn, 8.00 cm diameter coil rotates in a 0.250 T field?

What is the peak emf generated by rotating a 1000-turn, 20.0 cm diameter coil in the Earth’s $5\text{.}\text{00}×{\text{10}}^{-5}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{T}$ magnetic field, given the plane of the coil is originally perpendicular to the Earth’s field and is rotated to be parallel to the field in 10.0 ms?

0.247 V

What is the peak emf generated by a 0.250 m radius, 500-turn coil is rotated one-fourth of a revolution in 4.17 ms, originally having its plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. (This is 60 rev/s.)

(a) A bicycle generator rotates at 1875 rad/s, producing an 18.0 V peak emf. It has a 1.00 by 3.00 cm rectangular coil in a 0.640 T field. How many turns are in the coil? (b) Is this number of turns of wire practical for a 1.00 by 3.00 cm coil?

(a) 50

(b) yes

Integrated Concepts

This problem refers to the bicycle generator considered in the previous problem. It is driven by a 1.60 cm diameter wheel that rolls on the outside rim of the bicycle tire. (a) What is the velocity of the bicycle if the generator’s angular velocity is 1875 rad/s? (b) What is the maximum emf of the generator when the bicycle moves at 10.0 m/s, noting that it was 18.0 V under the original conditions? (c) If the sophisticated generator can vary its own magnetic field, what field strength will it need at 5.00 m/s to produce a 9.00 V maximum emf?

(a) A car generator turns at 400 rpm when the engine is idling. Its 300-turn, 5.00 by 8.00 cm rectangular coil rotates in an adjustable magnetic field so that it can produce sufficient voltage even at low rpms. What is the field strength needed to produce a 24.0 V peak emf? (b) Discuss how this required field strength compares to those available in permanent and electromagnets.

(a) 0.477 T

(b) This field strength is small enough that it can be obtained using either a permanent magnet or an electromagnet.

Show that if a coil rotates at an angular velocity $\omega$ , the period of its AC output is $\mathrm{2\pi /\omega }$ .

A 75-turn, 10.0 cm diameter coil rotates at an angular velocity of 8.00 rad/s in a 1.25 T field, starting with the plane of the coil parallel to the field. (a) What is the peak emf? (b) At what time is the peak emf first reached? (c) At what time is the emf first at its most negative? (d) What is the period of the AC voltage output?

(a) 5.89 V

(b) At t=0

(c) 0.393 s

(d) 0.785 s

(a) If the emf of a coil rotating in a magnetic field is zero at $t=0$ , and increases to its first peak at $t=0\text{.}\text{100}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{ms}$ , what is the angular velocity of the coil? (b) At what time will its next maximum occur? (c) What is the period of the output? (d) When is the output first one-fourth of its maximum? (e) When is it next one-fourth of its maximum?

Unreasonable Results

A 500-turn coil with a $0\text{.}\text{250}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{2}$ area is spun in the Earth’s $5\text{.}\text{00}×{\text{10}}^{-5}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{T}$ field, producing a 12.0 kV maximum emf. (a) At what angular velocity must the coil be spun? (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (c) Which assumption or premise is responsible?

(a) $1\text{.}\text{92}×{\text{10}}^{6}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{rad/s}$

(b) This angular velocity is unreasonably high, higher than can be obtained for any mechanical system.

(c) The assumption that a voltage as great as 12.0 kV could be obtained is unreasonable.

Calculate the work done by an 85.0-kg man who pushes a crate 4.00 m up along a ramp that makes an angle of 20.0º20.0º with the horizontal. (See [link] .) He exerts a force of 500 N on the crate parallel to the ramp and moves at a constant speed. Be certain to include the work he does on the crate an
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