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Natuurwetenskappe

Planeet aarde en die heelal

Die aarde

Opvoeder afdeling

Memorandum

Opdrag 1:

  • Assesseer volgens assesseringsmatriks.

Opdrag 2:

Hoofgedagtes:

  • Aardbewing: oggend van 29 September 1969.
  • Registreer 6,5 op Richterskaal.
  • Chaos veroorsaak in meeste plekke.
  • Gedreun het al harder geword en toe geweldige skudding.
  • Hele aarde het gebewe en mense het paniekerig rondgehardloop.
  • Reddingswerkers het poskantoor as basis gebruik omdat dit enigste plek met elektrisiteit was.
  • Huise is erg beskadig en mense is ernstig beseer.
  • Noodhulp het na rampdorpe ingestroom en weermag en polisie het saamgewerk.
  • Mense in tente gehuisves en veldhospitale is opgerig.
  • Waternood is verlig en voedsel verskaf.
  • R13 miljoen geskenk deur rampkomitee.

Opdrag 3:

  • (skets)

Opdrag 4:

1. Die Richterskaal is die instrument (skaal) wat seismoloë gebruik om die sterkte van ‘n aardbewing te bepaal.

2. Seismoloë is wetenskaplikes wat aardbewings bestudeer.

3. Die plek waar die golwe (trillings) die eerste keer aan die aardoppervlak raak, word die episentrum genoem.

4. Indien die drukking in die mantel onder die aardkors opbou, word magma deur swak plekke en krake gedwing. Hierdie swak plekke vorm dan vulkaniese pype.

5. Aktiewe vulkane is vulkane wat van tyd tot tyd uitbars.

Leerder afdeling

Inhoud

Aktiwiteit: om die struktuur van die aarde te ontleed en om bewegings daarbinne te meet (natuurrampe) [lu 2.1, lu 2.3]

STRUKTUUR VAN DIE AARDE

  • Wetenskaplikes meen dat die aarde waarskynlik sowat 4 600 miljoen jaar gelede ontstaan het as ‘n groot wolk gasse en stof wat in die ruimte rondgedraai het. Terwyl dit gedraai het, het dit gekrimp tot ‘n vuurwarm, vloeibare bal. Die oppervlak het geleidelik afgekoel en ‘n kors van soliede rots gevorm wat verweer het tot die berge, grond en sand waarop ons vandag lewe.
  • Die aarde is gedurig besig om te verander. Die landmassas (kontinente) beweeg nie net nie, maar nuwe kors word gedurig gevorm. Die beweging van die aardkors word kontinentale drywing genoem en dit gaan steeds voort. Amerika beweeg byvoorbeeld geleidelik weg van Europa en dit het al telefoonkabels onder die Atlantiese Oseaan laat breek.

VIER AARDLAE

  • Aardkors

Die aardkors is die boonste laag en het ‘n deursnee van 5 km tot 70 km. Waar daar berge is, kan die deursnee tot 70 km wees, maar onder oseane is dit maar sowat 5 km dik. Onder die aardkors is daar nog drie lae, nl.

  • Mantel

Die mantel het ‘n deursnee van 2 900 km. Dit is solied, hoewel daar strome digte halfgesmelte metale voorkom wat baie stadig vloei.

  • Binnekern

Die binnekern in die middel van die aarde is waarskynlik solied en bestaan meestal uit metale. Dit het ‘n deursnee van 2 440 km en die temperatuur is 3 700 grade Celsius. Water kook teen 100 grade Celsius op die aarde!

  • Buitekern

Die buitekern bestaan uit vloeibare metaal en is verantwoordelik vir die aarde se magneetveld. Dit het ’n deursnee van 2 240 km.

Wanneer vulkane uitbars, kom die magma of lawa uit die mantel.

OPDRAG 1: GROEPWERK

Gebruik speeldeeg (vier verskillende kleure) en maak ‘n model van die aarde se struktuur. Die dikte van elke laag moet min of meer in verhouding wees met die werklikheid. Gebruik ‘n rooi balletjie klei om die kern van die aarde aan te dui.

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Source:  OpenStax, Natuurwetenskappe graad 7. OpenStax CNX. Sep 16, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11078/1.1
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