0.19 Higher order interactions

Atmosphere

The atmosphere surrounding the earth is both a part and a product of life. Humans have significantly affected the atmosphere. For example, huge amounts of carbon dioxide and methane, among other compounds, are added annually to the atmosphere due to anthropogenic uses of fossil fuels. For many years, CFC's were indiscriminately released into the atmosphere. The addition of these chemical pollutants to the atmosphere raises concerns about how the changes in the atmosphere may affect life on earth.

The most immediate effect of increased amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is global warming . The global mean surface temperature is expected to rise 1 to 3°C by the middle of the 21st century. The extent of the warming will depend in part upon atmospheric water vapor levels and cloud cover feedback processes. Heating of the atmosphere can impact the global climate in several ways.

The rate of water evaporation will increase as the environment warms, and this will lead to increases in the global mean precipitation. A warmer, wetter atmosphere may subsequently cause an increase in the frequency of tropical storms, which can cause flooding. In addition to deaths from famine and drowning, floods can bring with them cholera and diseases spread by mosquitoes, such as malaria and yellow fever. Atmospheric heating could also cause severe heat waves, and projections indicate that heat-related deaths may double by 2020.

High-altitude cooling, caused by the combination of reduced stratospheric ozone concentrations and increased carbon dioxide concentrations, may lower the upper-stratospheric temperatures by as much as 8 to 20°C. This cooling could change the atmosphere's circulation patterns. In addition, scientists believe that stratospheric ozone depletion could have a serious negative impact on the health of humans, plants and animals. This is due to the concomitant increase in UV radiation , particularly UV-B, that reaches the surface of the earth when stratospheric ozone levels decrease.

Humans DNA is susceptible to damage by UV-B radiation, and exposure can cause skin cancer. Studies indicate that a 10 percent reduction in stratospheric ozone could give rise to an additional 20,000 skin cancer cases each year. Other consequences to humans include suppression of the human immune system and increases in the occurrence of eye cataracts. Plants respond adversely to exposure to UV-B radiation, with reduced leaf area, reduced shoot length and decreases in the rate of photosynthesis. Such responses could significantly decrease the yields of agricultural crops. UV-B radiation can kill plankton in the ocean, which in turn could severely impact marine food chains. Increased exposure to UV-B radiation also appears to kill developing embryos in the eggs of some reptiles and amphibians.

Ocean

Even a moderate increase in global temperature can melt significant amounts of snow and ice, shrinking glaciers and the polar ice caps. This affects sea levels. Inasmuch as 50 percent of the world's human population lives within 50 kilometers of the sea, the effects of even a moderate rise in sea levels -- on the order of a meter or less -- would be significant. Research suggests that rising sea levels will flood some coastal wetlands and communities, and will amplify the impacts of storm surges, in which sea levels rise because of severe storm winds. Increased precipitation in high northern latitudes may reduce the salinity and density of the ocean waters there, which in turn will influence global ocean (thermohaline) circulation.