# 2.5 Motion equations for constant acceleration in one dimension

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## Learning objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Calculate displacement of an object that is not accelerating, given initial position and velocity.
• Calculate final velocity of an accelerating object, given initial velocity, acceleration, and time.
• Calculate displacement and final position of an accelerating object, given initial position, initial velocity, time, and acceleration.

The information presented in this section supports the following AP® learning objectives and science practices:

• 3.A.1.1 The student is able to express the motion of an object using narrative, mathematical, or graphical representations. (S.P. 1.5, 2.1, 2.2)
• 3.A.1.3 The student is able to analyze experimental data describing the motion of an object and is able to express the results of the analysis using narrative, mathematical, and graphical representations. (S.P. 5.1)

We might know that the greater the acceleration of, say, a car moving away from a stop sign, the greater the displacement in a given time. But we have not developed a specific equation that relates acceleration and displacement. In this section, we develop some convenient equations for kinematic relationships, starting from the definitions of displacement, velocity, and acceleration already covered.

## Notation: t , x , v , a

First, let us make some simplifications in notation. Taking the initial time to be zero, as if time is measured with a stopwatch, is a great simplification. Since elapsed time is $\Delta t={t}_{f}-{t}_{0}$ , taking ${t}_{0}=0$ means that $\Delta t={t}_{f}$ , the final time on the stopwatch. When initial time is taken to be zero, we use the subscript 0 to denote initial values of position and velocity. That is, ${x}_{0}$ is the initial position and ${v}_{0}$ is the initial velocity . We put no subscripts on the final values. That is, $t$ is the final time , $x$ is the final position , and $v$ is the final velocity . This gives a simpler expression for elapsed time—now, $\Delta t=t$ . It also simplifies the expression for displacement, which is now $\Delta x=x-{x}_{0}$ . Also, it simplifies the expression for change in velocity, which is now $\Delta v=v-{v}_{0}$ . To summarize, using the simplified notation, with the initial time taken to be zero,

$\left(\begin{array}{lll}\Delta t& =& t\\ \Delta x& =& x-{x}_{0}\\ \Delta v& =& v-{v}_{0}\end{array}}$

where the subscript 0 denotes an initial value and the absence of a subscript denotes a final value in whatever motion is under consideration.

We now make the important assumption that acceleration is constant . This assumption allows us to avoid using calculus to find instantaneous acceleration. Since acceleration is constant, the average and instantaneous accelerations are equal. That is,

$\stackrel{-}{a}=a=\text{constant},$

so we use the symbol $a$ for acceleration at all times. Assuming acceleration to be constant does not seriously limit the situations we can study nor degrade the accuracy of our treatment. For one thing, acceleration is constant in a great number of situations. Furthermore, in many other situations we can accurately describe motion by assuming a constant acceleration equal to the average acceleration for that motion. Finally, in motions where acceleration changes drastically, such as a car accelerating to top speed and then braking to a stop, the motion can be considered in separate parts, each of which has its own constant acceleration.

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