# 24.3 The electromagnetic spectrum  (Page 8/33)

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Living things—plants and animals—have evolved to utilize and respond to parts of the electromagnetic spectrum they are embedded in. Visible light is the most predominant and we enjoy the beauty of nature through visible light. Plants are more selective. Photosynthesis makes use of parts of the visible spectrum to make sugars.

## Integrated concept problem: correcting vision with lasers

During laser vision correction, a brief burst of 193-nm ultraviolet light is projected onto the cornea of a patient. It makes a spot 0.80 mm in diameter and evaporates a layer of cornea $0\text{.}\text{30}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\mu \text{m}$ thick. Calculate the energy absorbed, assuming the corneal tissue has the same properties as water; it is initially at $\text{34º}\text{C}$ . Assume the evaporated tissue leaves at a temperature of $\text{100º}\text{C}$ .

Strategy

The energy from the laser light goes toward raising the temperature of the tissue and also toward evaporating it. Thus we have two amounts of heat to add together. Also, we need to find the mass of corneal tissue involved.

Solution

To figure out the heat required to raise the temperature of the tissue to $\text{100º}\text{C}$ , we can apply concepts of thermal energy. We know that

$\text{Q}=\text{mc}\Delta T,$

where Q is the heat required to raise the temperature, $\Delta T$ is the desired change in temperature, $m$ is the mass of tissue to be heated, and $c$ is the specific heat of water equal to 4186 J/kg/K.

Without knowing the mass $m$ at this point, we have

$Q=m\left(\text{4186 J/kg/K}\right)\left(\text{100º}\text{C}–\text{34º}\text{C}\right)=m\left(\text{276,276 J/kg}\right)=m\left(\text{276 kJ/kg}\right).$

The latent heat of vaporization of water is 2256 kJ/kg, so that the energy needed to evaporate mass $m$ is

${Q}_{\text{v}}={\mathrm{mL}}_{\text{v}}=m\left(\text{2256 kJ/kg}\right).$

To find the mass $m$ , we use the equation $\rho =m/\text{V}$ , where $\rho$ is the density of the tissue and $\text{V}$ is its volume. For this case,

$\begin{array}{lll}m& =& \rho \text{V}\\ & =& {\text{(1000 kg/m}}^{3}\right)\left(\text{area}×\text{thickness}{\text{(m}}^{3}\text{))}\\ & =& \text{(1000 kg/}{\text{m}}^{3}\right)\left(\pi \left(0.80×{\text{10}}^{–3}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{m}{\right)}^{2}/4\right)\left(0\text{.}\text{30}×{\text{10}}^{–6}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{m}\right)\\ & =& 0.151×{\text{10}}^{–9}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{kg.}\end{array}$

Therefore, the total energy absorbed by the tissue in the eye is the sum of $\text{Q}$ and ${\text{Q}}_{\text{v}}$ :

${\text{Q}}_{\text{tot}}=m\left(c\Delta \text{T}+{\text{L}}_{\text{v}}\right)=\left(0.151×{\text{10}}^{-9}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{kg}\right)\left(\text{276 kJ/kg}+\text{2256 kJ/kg}\right)=\text{382}×{\text{10}}^{-9}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{kJ}.$

Discussion

The lasers used for this eye surgery are excimer lasers, whose light is well absorbed by biological tissue. They evaporate rather than burn the tissue, and can be used for precision work. Most lasers used for this type of eye surgery have an average power rating of about one watt. For our example, if we assume that each laser burst from this pulsed laser lasts for 10 ns, and there are 400 bursts per second, then the average power is ${\text{Q}}_{\text{tot}}×\text{400}=\text{150 mW}$ .

Optics is the study of the behavior of visible light and other forms of electromagnetic waves. Optics falls into two distinct categories. When electromagnetic radiation, such as visible light, interacts with objects that are large compared with its wavelength, its motion can be represented by straight lines like rays. Ray optics is the study of such situations and includes lenses and mirrors.

When electromagnetic radiation interacts with objects about the same size as the wavelength or smaller, its wave nature becomes apparent. For example, observable detail is limited by the wavelength, and so visible light can never detect individual atoms, because they are so much smaller than its wavelength. Physical or wave optics is the study of such situations and includes all wave characteristics.

#### Questions & Answers

What does mean ohms law imply
what is matter
Anything that occupies space
Kevin
Any thing that has weight and occupies space
Victoria
Anything which we can feel by any of our 5 sense organs
Suraj
Right
Roben
thanks
Suraj
what is a sulphate
Alo
Alo
the time rate of increase in velocity is called
acceleration
Emma
What is uniform velocity
Victoria
Greetings,users of that wonderful app.
how to solve pressure?
how do we calculate weight and eara eg an elefant that weight 2000kg has four fits or legs search of surface eara is 0.1m2(1metre square) incontact with the ground=10m2(g =10m2)
Cruz
P=F/A
Mira
can someone derive the formula a little bit deeper?
Bern
what is coplanar force?
what is accuracy and precision
How does a current follow?
follow?
akif
which one dc or ac current.
akif
how does a current following?
Vineeta
?
akif
AC current
Vineeta
AC current follows due to changing electric field and magnetic field.
akif
you guys are just saying follow is flow not follow please
Abubakar
ok bro thanks
akif
flows
Abubakar
but i wanted to understand him/her in his own language
akif
but I think the statement is written in English not any other language
Abubakar
my mean that in which form he/she written this,will understand better in this form, i write.
akif
ok
Abubakar
ok thanks bro. my mistake
Vineeta
u are welcome
Abubakar
what is a semiconductor
substances having lower forbidden gap between valence band and conduction band
akif
what is a conductor?
Vineeta
replace lower by higher only
akif
convert 56°c to kelvin
Abubakar
How does a current follow?
Vineeta
A semiconductor is any material whose conduction lies between that of a conductor and an insulator.
AKOWUAH
what is Atom? what is molecules? what is ions?
What is a molecule
Is a unit of a compound that has two or more atoms either of the same or different atoms
Justice
A molecule is the smallest indivisible unit of a compound, Just like the atom is the smallest indivisible unit of an element.
Rachel
what is a molecule?
Vineeta
what is a vector
A quantity that has both a magnitude AND a direction. E.g velocity, acceleration, force are all vector quantities. Hope this helps :)
deage
what is the difference between velocity and relative velocity?
Mackson
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement with time. Relative velocity on the other hand is the velocity observed by an observer with respect to a reference point.
Chuks
what do u understand by Ultraviolet catastrophe?
Rufai
A certain freely falling object, released from rest, requires 1.5seconds to travel the last 30metres before it hits the ground. (a) Find the velocity of the object when it is 30metres above the ground.
Mackson
A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction
Rufus
the velocity Is 20m/s-2
Rufus
derivation of electric potential
V = Er = (kq/r^2)×r V = kq/r Where V: electric potential.
Chuks
what is the difference between simple motion and simple harmonic motion ?
syed
hi
Peace
hi
Rufus
hi
Chip
simple harmonic motion is a motion of tro and fro of simple pendulum and the likes while simple motion is a linear motion on a straight line.
Muinat
a body acceleration uniform from rest a 6m/s -2 for 8sec and decelerate uniformly to rest in the next 5sec,the magnitude of the deceleration is ?
The wording not very clear kindly
Moses
6
Leo
9.6m/s2
Jolly
the magnitude of deceleration =-9.8ms-2. first find the final velocity using the known acceleration and time. next use the calculated velocity to find the size of deceleration.
Mackson
wrong
Peace
-3.4m/s-2
Justice
Hi
Abj
Firstly, calculate final velocity of the body and then the deceleration. The final ans is,-9.6ms-2
Muinat
8x6= 48m/-2 use v=u + at 48÷5=9.6
Lawrence
can i define motion like this motion can be define as the continuous change of an object or position
Any object in motion will come to rest after a time duration. Different objects may cover equal distance in different time duration. Therefore, motion is defined as a change in position depending on time.
Chuks