# Statistical terminology

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This module contains a set of definitions from statistics that might be useful for advanced undergraduates.

## Important definitions in statistics

It is not unusual for students to forget important concepts learned in an earlier course. This set of definitions is intended to stir memories of those wonderful times when you were learning statistics and econometrics. It is not intended to replace a statistics course but to provide you with a handy guide to the denfinition of some important terms in the statistical tools used by economists.

## Random experiment

A random experiment is an experiment whose outcome is uncertain.

## Outcome space

The outcome space (also sometimes referred to as the sample space) is the list of all possible outcomes of a random experiment.

## Single toss of a coin.

Consider the toss of a coin. Since the outcome is uncertain, tossing the coin is an example of a random experiment. The outcome space consists of a heads and a tails. If we let X be 0 if the outcome is a heads and let X equal 1 if the outcome is a tails, then X is a random variable. Since X only can take on integer values (0 or 1), it is a discrete random variable.

## Random variable

A random variable is a number that can be assigned to an outcome of a random experiment. A discrete random variable has a finite number of possible values while a continuous random variable has an infinite number of potential values.

## Non-stochastic variable

A non-stochastic variable is any variable that is not a random variable; i.e., does not represent the outcome of a random experiment.

## Multiple tosses of a coin.

Let x equal the number of heads that occur when a coin is tossed n times. The tossing of the coin n times is a random experiment. The outcome space of this random experiment is an integar between 0 and n . Since the value x is equal represents the outcome of a random experiment, it is a random variable.

## Random sample

A random sample of size n out of a population of size N has the characteristic that every member of the population is equally likely to be chosen.

## Height of college age women.

Consider a random sample of the population of college age women. The height, x , of any woman chosen from this population is a random variable with a value somewhere in the outcome space, where the outcome space is a number between (say) 24 and 96 inches. Since in theory we can have as accurate a measurement as we might like, x can be thought of as being a continuous random variable.

## Probability distribution for a discrete random variable.

Consider a discrete random variable ${x}_{i}$ that represents an outcome of the n potential outcomes of a random experiment—that is, the set of potential outcomes is represented by $X=\left({x}_{1},\dots ,{x}_{n}\right).$ $\mathrm{Pr}\left({x}_{i}\right)$ Any function is a probability if and only if (1) (2) $\mathrm{Pr}\left({x}_{i}\cup {x}_{j}\right)=\mathrm{Pr}\left({x}_{i}\right)+\mathrm{Pr}\left({x}_{j}\right)$ for all i and j, and (3) $\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathrm{Pr}\left({x}_{i}\right)=1.$ An example of a discrete distribution is in Example 4.

## Discrete distribution.

Figure 1 illustrates a discrete probability distribution where ${x}_{i}$ goes from 1 to 8. The areas in the shaded rectangles sum to 1.

#### Questions & Answers

what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
characteristics of micro business
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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