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- What are the objects around us
- The properties of matter
The properties of matter
Let us now look at what we have learned about chemical
bonds, intermolecular forces and the kinetic theory of matter, and see whetherthis can help us to understand some of the macroscopic properties of materials.
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Melting point
Melting point
- The temperature at which a
solid changes
its phase or state to become a
liquid . The
process is called melting and the reverse process (change in phase from liquidto solid) is called
freezing .
In order for a solid to melt, the energy of the particles
must increase enough to overcome the bonds that are holding the particlestogether. It makes sense then that a solid which is held together by strong
bonds will have a
higher melting point
than one where the bonds are weak, because more energy (heat) is needed to breakthe bonds. In the examples we have looked at metals, ionic solids and some
atomic lattices (e.g. diamond) have high melting points, whereas the meltingpoints for molecular solids and other atomic lattices (e.g. graphite) are much
lower. Generally, the intermolecular forces between molecular solids are
weaker than those between ionic and
metallic solids.
-
Boiling point
Boiling point
- The temperature at which a
liquid changes
its phase to become a
gas . The process is
called evaporation and the reverse process is called condensation
When the temperature of a liquid increases, the average
kinetic energy of the particles also increases and they are able to overcomethe bonding forces that are holding them in the liquid. When boiling point is
reached,
evaporation takes place and some
particles in the liquid become a gas. In other words, the energy of theparticles is too great for them to be held in a liquid anymore. The stronger the
bonds within a liquid, the higher the boiling point needs to be in order tobreak these bonds. Metallic and ionic compounds have high boiling points while
the boiling point for molecular liquids is lower.The data in
[link] below may help you to understand some of
the concepts we have explained. Not all of the substances in the table aresolids at room temperature, so for now, let's just focus on the
boiling points for each of these substances. What do
you notice?
Substance |
Melting
point (
) |
Boiling point (
) |
Ethanol (C
2 H
6 O) |
-
114,3 |
78,4 |
Water |
0 |
100 |
Mercury |
-38,83 |
356,73 |
Sodium chloride |
801 |
1465 |
The melting and boiling
points for a number of substances
You will have seen that substances such as ethanol, with relatively weak
intermolecular forces, have the lowest boiling point, while substances withstronger intermolecular forces such as sodium chloride and mercury, must be
heated much more if the particles are to have enough energy to overcome theforces that are holding them together in the liquid.
Forces and boiling point
The table below gives the molecular formula and the boiling point
for a number of organic compounds called
alkanes (more on these compounds in grade 12). Refer
to the table and then answer the questions that follow.
Organic compound |
Molecular
formula |
Boiling point (
C) |
Methane |
CH
4 |
-161.6 |
Ethane |
C
2 H
6 |
-
88.6 |
Propane |
C
3 H
8 |
-45 |
Butane |
C
4 H
10 |
-0.5 |
Pentane |
C
5 H
12 |
36.1 |
Hexane |
C
6 H
14 |
69 |
Heptane |
C
7 H
16 |
98.42 |
Octane |
C
8 H
18 |
125.52 |
Questions & Answers
Three charges q_{1}=+3\mu C, q_{2}=+6\mu C and q_{3}=+8\mu C are located at (2,0)m (0,0)m and (0,3) coordinates respectively. Find the magnitude and direction acted upon q_{2} by the two other charges.Draw the correct graphical illustration of the problem above showing the direction of all forces.
To solve this problem, we need to first find the net force acting on charge q_{2}. The magnitude of the force exerted by q_{1} on q_{2} is given by F=\frac{kq_{1}q_{2}}{r^{2}} where k is the Coulomb constant, q_{1} and q_{2} are the charges of the particles, and r is the distance between them.
Muhammed
What is the direction and net electric force on q_{1}= 5µC located at (0,4)r due to charges q_{2}=7mu located at (0,0)m and q_{3}=3\mu C located at (4,0)m?
what is the change in momentum of a body?
Capacitor is a separation of opposite charges using an insulator of very small dimension between them. Capacitor is used for allowing an AC (alternating current) to pass while a DC (direct current) is blocked.
Gautam
A motor travelling at 72km/m on sighting a stop sign applying the breaks such that under constant deaccelerate in the meters of 50 metres what is the magnitude of the accelerate
What is Thermodynamics
Muordit
velocity can be 72 km/h in question. 72 km/h=20 m/s, v^2=2.a.x , 20^2=2.a.50, a=4 m/s^2.
Mehmet
A boat travels due east at a speed of 40meter per seconds across a river flowing due south at 30meter per seconds. what is the resultant speed of the boat
50 m/s due south east
Someone
which has a higher temperature, 1cup of boiling water or 1teapot of boiling water which can transfer more heat 1cup of boiling water or 1 teapot of boiling water explain your . answer
I believe temperature being an intensive property does not change for any amount of boiling water whereas heat being an extensive property changes with amount/size of the system.
Someone
temperature for any amount of water to boil at ntp is 100⁰C (it is a state function and and intensive property) and it depends both will give same amount of heat because the surface available for heat transfer is greater in case of the kettle as well as the heat stored in it but if you talk.....
Someone
about the amount of heat stored in the system then in that case since the mass of water in the kettle is greater so more energy is required to raise the temperature b/c more molecules of water are present in the kettle
Someone
physics, biology and chemistry
this is my Field
ALIYU
field is a region of space under the influence of some physical properties
Collete
what is ogarnic chemistry
determine the slope giving that 3y+ 2x-14=0
WISDOM
Another formula for Acceleration
pratica A on solution of hydro chloric acid,B is a solution containing 0.5000 mole ofsodium chlorid per dm³,put A in the burret and titrate 20.00 or 25.00cm³ portion of B using melting orange as the indicator. record the deside of your burret tabulate the burret reading and calculate the average volume of acid used?
how do lnternal energy measures
Esrael
Two bodies attract each other electrically. Do they both have to be charged? Answer the same question if the bodies repel one another.
No. According to Isac Newtons law. this two bodies maybe you and the wall beside you.
Attracting depends on the mass och each body and distance between them.
Dlovan
Are you really asking if two bodies have to be charged to be influenced by Coulombs Law?
Robert
like charges repel while unlike charges atttact
Raymond
What is specific heat capacity
Specific heat capacity is a measure of the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius (or Kelvin). It is measured in Joules per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg°C).
AI-Robot
specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius or kelvin
ROKEEB
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Source:
OpenStax, Siyavula textbooks: grade 10 physical science. OpenStax CNX. Aug 29, 2011 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11245/1.3
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