# 8.8 Exploring the biochemical and mechanical effects of intestinal  (Page 5/6)

 Page 5 / 6

## Myosin activation

The activation of the ${M}_{K}$ complex includes 4 $C{a}^{{2}^{+}}$ ions bonded to calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase. Side reactions include the disassociation of the kinase from the complex and interactions with binding proteins. These interactions were modeled using mass action kinetics summarized in 9 reactions from [link] .

$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{d\left[C\right]}{dt}& ={r}_{1}\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]+{r}_{3}\left[{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]+{r}_{8}\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]-{f}_{1}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[C\right]\hfill \\ & -{f}_{3}\left[C\right]\left[{M}_{K}\right]-{f}_{8}\left[C\right]\left[{B}_{P}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[{M}_{K}\right]}{dt}& ={r}_{3}\left[{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]+{r}_{4}\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]+{r}_{5}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]-{f}_{3}\left[C\right]\left[{M}_{K}\right]\hfill \\ & -{f}_{4}\left[{M}_{K}\right]\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]-{f}_{5}\left[{M}_{K}\right]\left[C{a}_{4}C\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]}{dt}& ={f}_{1}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[C\right]+{r}_{2}\left[C{a}_{4}C\right]+{r}_{4}\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\hfill \\ & +{f}_{9}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]-{r}_{1}\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]-{f}_{2}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]\hfill \\ & -{f}_{4}\left[{M}_{K}\right]\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]-{r}_{9}\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]\left[{B}_{P}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[C{a}_{4}C\right]}{dt}& ={f}_{2}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]+{r}_{5}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]-{r}_{2}\left[C{a}_{4}C\right]\hfill \\ & -{f}_{5}\left[{M}_{K}\right]\left[C{a}_{4}C\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]}{dt}& ={f}_{3}\left[C\right]\left[{M}_{K}\right]+{r}_{6}\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]-{r}_{3}\left[{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\hfill \\ & -{f}_{6}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]}{dt}& ={f}_{4}\left[{M}_{K}\right]\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]+{f}_{6}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]+{r}_{7}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\hfill \\ & -{r}_{4}\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]-{r}_{6}\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]-{f}_{7}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]}{dt}& ={f}_{5}\left[{M}_{K}\right]\left[C{a}_{4}C\right]+{f}_{7}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\hfill \\ & -{r}_{5}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]-{r}_{7}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[{B}_{P}\right]}{dt}& ={r}_{8}\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]+{f}_{9}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]-{f}_{8}\left[C\right]\left[{B}_{P}\right]\hfill \\ & -{r}_{9}\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]\left[{B}_{P}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]}{dt}& ={f}_{8}\left[C\right]\left[{B}_{P}\right]+{r}_{9}\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]\left[{B}_{P}\right]-{r}_{8}\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]\hfill \\ & -{f}_{9}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]\hfill \end{array}$
 ${\left[C\right]}_{0}=$ $0.9285\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial Calmodulin (C) concentration [link] ${\left[{M}_{K}\right]}_{0}=$ $9.6506\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial Myosin LC Kinase ( ${M}_{K}$ ) concentration [link] ${\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]}_{0}=$ $0.0015\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial $C{a}_{2}C$ complex concentration [link] ${\left[C{a}_{4}C\right]}_{0}=$ $0.00\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial $C{a}_{4}C$ complex concentration [link] ${\left[{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]}_{0}=$ $0.3332\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial $C{M}_{K}$ complex concentration [link] ${\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]}_{0}=$ $0.2713\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial $C{a}_{2}C{M}_{K}$ complex concentration [link] ${\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]}_{0}=$ $0.013\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial $C{a}_{4}C{M}_{K}$ activated complex concentration [link] ${\left[{B}_{P}\right]}_{0}=$ $15.1793\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial Binding Protein ( ${B}_{P}$ ) concentration [link] ${\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]}_{0}=$ $2.8207\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial $C-{B}_{P}$ complex concentration [link] $\left[{f}_{1}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{1}\right]=$ $\left[12\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $12\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 1 [link] $\left[{f}_{2}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{2}\right]=$ $\left[480\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $1200\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 2 [link] $\left[{f}_{3}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{3}\right]=$ $\left[5\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $135\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 3 [link] $\left[{f}_{4}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{4}\right]=$ $\left[840\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $45.4\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 4 [link] $\left[{f}_{5}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{5}\right]=$ $\left[28\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $0.0308\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 5 [link] $\left[{f}_{6}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{6}\right]=$ $\left[120\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $4\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 6 [link] $\left[{f}_{7}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{7}\right]=$ $\left[7.5\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $3.75\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 7 [link] $\left[{f}_{8}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{8}\right]=$ $\left[5\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $25\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 8 [link] $\left[{f}_{9}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{9}\right]=$ $\left[7.6\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $22.8\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 9 [link]

## Force generation

The interactions between myosin, actin, and the activated ${M}_{K}$ complex were modeled using Henri-Michaelis-Menten Enzyme Kinetics from [link] .

$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{d\left[M\right]}{dt}& =-\frac{{k}_{1}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\left[M\right]}{{k}_{2}+\left[M\right]}+\frac{{k}_{5}\left[{M}_{L}\right]\left[{M}_{p}\right]}{{k}_{6}+\left[{M}_{p}\right]}+{k}_{7}\left[{A}_{M}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[{M}_{p}\right]}{dt}& =\frac{{k}_{1}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\left[M\right]}{{k}_{2}+\left[M\right]}-\frac{{k}_{5}\left[{M}_{L}\right]\left[{M}_{p}\right]}{{k}_{6}+\left[{M}_{p}\right]}-{k}_{3}\left[{M}_{p}\right]+{k}_{4}\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]}{dt}& ={k}_{3}\left[{M}_{p}\right]-{k}_{4}\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]+\frac{{k}_{1}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\left[{A}_{M}\right]}{{k}_{2}+\left[{A}_{M}\right]}\hfill \\ & -\frac{{k}_{5}\left[{M}_{L}\right]\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]}{{k}_{6}+\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]}\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[{A}_{M}\right]}{dt}& =-\frac{{k}_{1}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\left[{A}_{M}\right]}{{k}_{2}+\left[{A}_{M}\right]}+\frac{{k}_{5}\left[{M}_{L}\right]\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]}{{k}_{6}+\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]}-{k}_{7}\left[{A}_{M}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill F\left(t\right)& ={F}_{max}\frac{\left[{A}_{M}\left(t\right)\right]+\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\left(t\right)\right]}{\left[{M}_{T}\right]}\hfill \end{array}$
 ${\left[M\right]}_{0}=$ $23.9558\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial myosin concentration [link] ${\left[{M}_{p}\right]}_{0}=$ $0.0144\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial phosphorylated myosin concentration [link] ${\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]}_{0}=$ $0.0166\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial cross-bride concentration [link] ${\left[{A}_{M}\right]}_{0}=$ $0.0132\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial latch-bridge concentration [link] $\left[{M}_{L}\right]=$ $7.5\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Myosin light chain phosphatase concentration [link] $\left[{M}_{T}\right]=$ $24\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Total myosin concentration [link] $F\left(t\right)=$ Force generated in $mN$ [link] ${F}_{max}=$ $70\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}mN$ Maximum force cell can generate [link] ${k}_{1}=$ $27{s}^{-1}$ Rate for reaction 10 [link] ${k}_{2}=$ $10\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Rate for reaction 11 [link] ${k}_{3}=$ $15{s}^{-1}$ Forward rate for reaction 12 [link] ${k}_{4}=$ $5{s}^{-1}$ Reverse rate for reaction 12 [link] ${k}_{5}=$ $16{s}^{-1}$ Rate for reaction 13 [link] ${k}_{6}=$ $15\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Rate for reaction 14 [link] ${k}_{7}=$ $10{s}^{-1}$ Rate for reaction 15 [link]

## Mechanical model

A variety of models which represent SMCs and other types of cells as mass-spring systems have been developed [link] , [link] , [link] , [link] , [link] , [link] . The most comparable of these models used a single contractile element and two passive elements: one to represent the elastic actin and myosin fibers and the other to represent the adjacent muscle cells and surroundings [link] . We present a novel mechanical model of the SMC which incorporates the previously described biochemical interactions to produce a comprehensive model of SMC contraction.

what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
Privacy Information Security Software Version 1.1a
Good
Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!