# 0.5 Acid and bases to buffers  (Page 2/2)

 Page 2 / 2

To determine the amount of conjugate acid and base needed to make a buffer of a certain pH, the Henderson-Hasselbach must be employed.

$\text{pH}={\text{pK}}_{a}+\text{log}\left(\frac{\left[\text{base}\right]}{\left[\text{acid}\right]}\right)$ (4)

With a given pH and known pK a , the solution of the Henderson-Hasselbach equation gives the logarithm of a ratio which can be solved by performing the antilogarithm of pH/pK­ a .

${\text{10}}^{\text{pH}-{\text{pK}}_{a}}=\frac{\left[\text{base}\right]}{\left[\text{acid}\right]}$ (5)

## Materials required

• pH electrode and pH 7 buffer for calibration
• burette
• 250 mL beaker
• magnetic stirrer
• 0.4 M and 0.1 M NaOH
• 0.2 M phosphoric acid
• buffer solutions (pH 4 and pH 7)

## Part i. demo during prelab lecture: drink anyone?

1. Six wine glasses are filled with the same “mystery” liquid.
2. Each glass takes on a different color of the rainbow, despite the fact that the same liquid was added to each.

## Part ii. titration of phosphoric acid

1. Obtain a pH probe and connect it to pH/mV 1 on the Microlab interface. Open the MicroLab program and select “Microlab Experiment.” Choose “Add Sensor.” This will bring up a window where you need to select “pH /D.O.”, click on the appropriate port of the interface, and choose “pH” out of the two options below. To calibrate the pH probe, click “next.”
2. Take a sample of two buffer pH standards at pH 4.00 and 7.00. Calibrate the pH probe with these two solutions. This is done by selecting “Add Calibration Point” and entering the correct pH value noted on the bottle. Note that the pH probe should always be rinsed with deionized water and carefully patted dry before being inserted into a solution so as to avoid cross contamination. A large waste beaker is useful to have for rinsing. After the two points are entered, select linear calibration, and save the calibration data.
3. In a dry beaker, obtain 30 mL of a 0.2 M phosphoric acid solution. Use a graduated cylinder to add 50 mL of deionized water to a 250 mL beaker. Rinse your 10 mL volumetric pipette with the phosphoric acid solution and pipette 10 mL of the acid into the water. Rinse and fill your 25 mL burette with 0.4 M NaOH. The initial burette reading should be 0 mL. Remember to clear the air out of the tip of the burette.
4. Place the beaker on the magnetic stirrer and add a stir bar. Position the burette ready for titration. Insert the pH probe. Turn on the magnetic stirrer and adjust the stirring rate to moderate speed (without allowing the stir bar to splash or hit the probe).
5. On the Microlab main screen choose “Add Sensor” and select “Keyboard” under the sensor drop box. Click “Next.” This will bring up a prompt in which you should enter “KBD” in the top box and “mL” in the bottom “units” box, and then hit “Finish.”
6. Drag the keyboard sensor from the top left of the screen to “Data Source 1” on the x-axis of the graph. Drag the pH sensor to “Data Source 2” on the y-axis of the graph. Drag the pH sensor to the box in the bottom right corner.
7. Click “Start.” Enter your starting volume, 0 mL, in the window that appears, and hit enter. The window will not disappear. Slowly add a small volume of NaOH to the beaker, approximately 0.5 mL, enter the reading on your burette into the box, and hit enter. Repeat this process until both peaks have been observed and the pH has stabilized.
8. To save your data, choose “export data” under File, and select “comma separated value.” For help with plotting the data and derivative of the data see the “Data Analysis” section below.

## Part iii. buffers (use the same microlab program)

1. Using equations (4 and 5), calculate the ratio of concentrations of ${\text{Na}}_{2}{\text{HPO}}_{4}$ and ${\text{NaH}}_{2}{\text{PO}}_{4}$ to produce 100 mL of buffer solution with pH = 6.91. Show your calculations to your TA before proceeding.
2. Prepare your buffer solution from 0.1 M ${\text{Na}}_{2}{\text{HPO}}_{4}$ and 0.1 M ${\text{NaH}}_{2}{\text{PO}}_{4}$ solutions.
3. Insert the pH probe in your buffer solution and wait until the reading becomes stable and write down the value in your report form. Don’t worry if the pH reading isn’t exactly 6.91. The important thing is that there isn’t a drastic change in pH upon addition of acid or base.
4. Pour 50 mL of the buffer solution into another beaker so that you have two beakers each with 50 mL of your buffer solution.
5. Add 1 mL of 0.1 M NaOH to the first beaker and mix the solution with a glass rod. Wait until the pH reading becomes stable and write down the value in your report form. If the pH of your buffer solution changes by more than 0.3 pH units, you will need to redo the calculations and re-prepare the buffer solution in order to get an acceptable result.
6. Add 1 mL of 0.1 M HCl to the second beaker and mix the solution with the glass rod. Insert the pH probe into the second beaker. Wait until the pH reading becomes stable and write down the value in your lab report form. If the pH of your buffer solution changes by more than 0.3 pH units, you will need to redo the calculations and re-prepare the buffer solution in order to get an acceptable result.

Data Analysis

Two plots need to be made from the data taken in Part II. One plot, pH vs. volume of NaOH, can be made directly from the data that is initially present. The data needs to be further analyzed to make the plot of the first derivative. This plot should be ( $\Delta$ pH / $\Delta$ vol NaOH) vs. volume of NaOH. Remember to include a title and axis labels.

where we get a research paper on Nano chemistry....?
what are the products of Nano chemistry?
There are lots of products of nano chemistry... Like nano coatings.....carbon fiber.. And lots of others..
learn
Even nanotechnology is pretty much all about chemistry... Its the chemistry on quantum or atomic level
learn
da
no nanotechnology is also a part of physics and maths it requires angle formulas and some pressure regarding concepts
Bhagvanji
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
revolt
da
Application of nanotechnology in medicine
what is variations in raman spectra for nanomaterials
I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
Nasa has use it in the 60's, copper as water purification in the moon travel.
Alexandre
nanocopper obvius
Alexandre
what is the stm
is there industrial application of fullrenes. What is the method to prepare fullrene on large scale.?
Rafiq
industrial application...? mmm I think on the medical side as drug carrier, but you should go deeper on your research, I may be wrong
Damian
How we are making nano material?
what is a peer
What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
how nano science is used for hydrophobicity
Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
what is differents between GO and RGO?
Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
if virus is killing to make ARTIFICIAL DNA OF GRAPHENE FOR KILLED THE VIRUS .THIS IS OUR ASSUMPTION
Anam
analytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .
Anam
Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
Hafiz
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
Privacy Information Security Software Version 1.1a
Good
Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!