The word support means to hold upright or to give strength
Aquatic organisms get support from water. Plants and animals living on land
require stronger support systems as air gives their bodies little supportagainst the force of gravity.
Animals have skeletons that support their bodies and enable movement to occur.
In animals movement is brought about by the contraction or relaxation of
muscles. In order to bring about movement muscles need a medium (fluid) orsolid structure against which the force of contraction can be applied. A
skeletal system provides the resistance needed to cause movement.
Animals are able to move from one point to another to look for food, shelter and
mates.
The simplest invertebrates have specialised cells and tissues to assist them to
move to and from stimuli.
Skeletons also have a protective function in that they cushion vital organs
thereby preventing or limiting damage.
Hydrostatic skeleton
It consists of a fluid-filled cavity enclosed by the muscles of the body wall
The fluid presses against the muscles, that contract against the pressure of the
fluid
So, a combination of the pressure of the fluid and the contracting muscles, can
alter the shape of the animal and allows for movement
If the body is segmented the pressure of the fluid is localised in a few
segments at a time.
Occurs in flatworms, round worms, earthworms starfish, slugs etc.
Note that starfish and other Echinoderms have an outer skeleton of calcareous
ossicles or spicules for protection . This outer skeleton encloses a watervascular system with tube feet that are moved by fluid pressure changes i.e
serves as a hydrostatic skeleton which controls movement.
Advantages:
allow the animal to move in a more flexible manner
fluid cavity stimulates circulation in the animal
allows for change of shape e.g. earthworm
Disadvantages:
dehydration will affect the skeleton directly and the ability of the animal to
move because of the loss of shape
does NOT provide protection for the internal organs
does not allow for rapid movement.
Exoskeleton
This forms the outer covering of the animal
The skeleton is made of a substance called chitin, secreted by the epidermis
It is confined to insects, spiders, scorpions, crabs etc all of which belong to
the Arthropod group (jointed legged animals
The abdomen is soft and attached to the thorax
The exoskeleton acts as a hard outer covering to animals and is made up of a
series of plates or tubes.
Muscles are attached to the inside of the exoskeleton which provides the
resistance needed for muscle action.
Advantages:
forms the point of attachment of internal muscles needed for locomotion and
flight
supports and protects the delicate inner parts of the animal
prevents desiccation (drying out) on land
has a low density and is therefore lightweight, to allow for flight
mouthparts can be modified for biting, sucking, piercing
grasping etc.
Disadvantages:
final body size is limited because as the body size increases, the surface area
to volume ratio decreases. The larger the animal, the heavier the exoskeleton,making movement more difficult.
growth is restricted, so periodic moulting is required if the animal is to grow
very vulnerable when it is in the moulting process, as it cannot move until the
exoskeleton is dry and has hardened
Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
effective communication can lead to improved outcomes in various settings, including personal relationships, business environments, and educational settings. By communicating effectively, individuals can negotiate effectively, solve problems collaboratively, and work towards common goals.
it starts up serve and return practice/assessments.it helps find voice talking therapy also assessments through relaxed conversation.
miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
nature is an hereditary factor while nurture is an environmental factor which constitute an individual personality. so if an individual's parent has a deviant behavior and was also brought up in an deviant environment, observation of the behavior and the inborn trait we make the individual deviant.
Samuel
I am taking this course because I am hoping that I could somehow learn more about my chosen field of interest and due to the fact that being a PsyD really ignites my passion as an individual the more I hope to learn about developing and literally explore the complexity of my critical thinking skills
hello. autism is a umbrella term. autistic kids have different disorder overlapping. for example. a kid may show symptoms of ADHD and also learning disabilities.
before treatment please make sure the kid doesn't have physical disabilities like hearing..vision..speech problem. sometimes these
Jharna
continue..
sometimes due to these physical problems..the diagnosis may be misdiagnosed.
treatment for autism.
well it depends on the severity.
since autistic kids have problems in communicating and adopting to the environment.. it's best to expose the child in situations where the child
Jharna
child interact with other kids under doc supervision.
play therapy.
speech therapy.
Engaging in different activities that activate most parts of the brain.. like drawing..painting. matching color board game.
string and beads game.
the more you interact with the child the more effective
Jharna
results you'll get..
please consult a therapist to know what suits best on your child.
and last as a parent. I know sometimes it's overwhelming to guide a special kid.
but trust the process and be strong and patient as a parent.
Jharna
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