# 3.4 Lateral torsional buckling

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#### Introduction to lateral torsional buckling

The second limit state for beams is Lateral Torsional Buckling, LTB for short. LTB occurs when the compressionportion of a cross section is restrained by the tension portion and the deflection due to flexural buckling isaccompanied by torsion or twisting. The way to prevent LTB is to have adequate lateral bracing at adequate intervalsalong the beam. The limit state is the interval of the bracing.

For each cross section, it is possible to compute limits for LTB. The laterally unbraced length, ${L}_{b}$ , is compared to two limit states, ${L}_{p}$ and ${L}_{r}$ . Depending on which limit state ${L}_{b}$ sits at, the maximum moment for the beam can be calculated.

#### Equations to determine ltb

• When,
${L}_{b}< {L}_{p}$
there is no LTB because
${M}_{n}={M}_{p}$
${M}_{p}={F}_{y}Z\le 1.5{M}_{y}$
from the yielding limit state.
• When
${L}_{p}< {L}_{b}< {L}_{r}$
the graph is linear, and therefore a linear interpolation between ${M}_{p}$ and ${M}_{y}$ is used for the maximum moment:
${M}_{n}={C}_{b}({M}_{p}-({M}_{p}-{M}_{r})\frac{{L}_{b}-{L}_{p}}{{L}_{r}-{L}_{p}})\le {M}_{p}$
• And finally, when
${L}_{b}> {L}_{r}$
the graph is non-linear, and there is an equation to find the maximum moment in Chapter F of the Specificationsection of the Manual (page 16.1-34):
${M}_{n}={M}_{cr}\le {M}_{p}$

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Ali
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There are lots of products of nano chemistry... Like nano coatings.....carbon fiber.. And lots of others..
learn
Even nanotechnology is pretty much all about chemistry... Its the chemistry on quantum or atomic level
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da
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Bhagvanji
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Giriraj
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
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da
Application of nanotechnology in medicine
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ya I also want to know the raman spectra
Bhagvanji
I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
Nasa has use it in the 60's, copper as water purification in the moon travel.
Alexandre
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Rafiq
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Damian
How we are making nano material?
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LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
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Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
what is differents between GO and RGO?
Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
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analytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .
Anam
Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
Hafiz
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write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
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Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
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