# 0.7 Generalizations of the basic multiresolution wavelet system  (Page 26/28)

 Page 26 / 28

## Discrete multiresolution analysis, the discrete-time wavelet transform, and the continuous wavelet transform

Up to this point, we have developed wavelet methods using the series wavelet expansion of continuous-time signals called the discrete wavelettransform (DWT), even though it probably should be called the continuous-time wavelet series. This wavelet expansion is analogous tothe

Fourier series in that both are series expansions that transform continuous-time signals into a discrete sequence of coefficients. However, unlike the Fourier series, the DWT can be made periodic ornonperiodic and, therefore, is more versatile and practically useful.

In this chapter we will develop a wavelet method for expanding discrete-time signals in a series expansion since, in most practicalsituations, the signals are already in the form of discrete samples. Indeed, we have already discussed when it is possible to use samples ofthe signal as scaling function expansion coefficients in order to use the filter bank implementation of Mallat's algorithm. We find there is anintimate connection between the DWT and DTWT, much as there is between the Fourier series and the DFT. One expands signals with the FS but oftenimplements that with the DFT.

To further generalize the DWT, we will also briefly present the continuous wavelet transform which, similar to the Fourier transform, transforms afunction of continuous time to a representation with continuous scale and translation. In order to develop the characteristics of these variouswavelet representations, we will often call on analogies with corresponding Fourier representations. However, it is important tounderstand the differences between Fourier and wavelet methods. Much of that difference is connected to the wavelet being concentrated in bothtime and scale or frequency, to the periodic nature of the Fourier basis, and to the choice of wavelet bases.

## Discrete multiresolution analysis and the discrete-time wavelet transform

Parallel to the developments in early chapters on multiresolution analysis, we can define a discrete multiresolution analysis (DMRA) for ${l}_{2}$ , where the basis functions are discrete sequences [link] , [link] , [link] . The expansion of a discrete-time signal in terms of discrete-time basis function is expressed in a form parallel to [link] as

$f\left(n\right)\phantom{\rule{0.166667em}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0.166667em}{0ex}}\sum _{j,k}{d}_{j}\left(k\right)\phantom{\rule{0.166667em}{0ex}}\psi \left({2}^{j}n-k\right)$

where $\psi \left(m\right)$ is the basic expansion function of an integer variable $m$ . If these expansion functions are an orthogonal basis (or form a tight frame), the expansion coefficients (discrete-time wavelet transform) arefound from an inner product by

${d}_{j}\left(k\right)\phantom{\rule{0.166667em}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0.166667em}{0ex}}⟨f\left(n\right),\psi \left({2}^{j}n-k\right)⟩\phantom{\rule{0.166667em}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0.166667em}{0ex}}\sum _{n}f\left(n\right)\phantom{\rule{0.166667em}{0ex}}\psi \left({2}^{j}n-k\right)$

If the expansion functions are not orthogonal or even independent but do span ${\ell }^{2}$ , a biorthogonal system or a frame can be formed such that a transform and inverse can be defined.

Because there is no underlying continuous-time scaling function or wavelet, many of the questions, properties, and characteristics of the analysisusing the DWT in  Chapter: Introduction to Wavelets , Chapter: A multiresolution formulation of Wavelet Systems , Chapter: Regularity, Moments, and Wavelet System Design , etc. do not arise. In fact, because of the filter bank structure for calculating the DTWT,the design is often done using multirate frequency domain techniques, e.g., the work by Smith and Barnwell and associates [link] . The questions of zero wavelet moments posed by Daubechies,which are related to ideas of convergence for iterations of filter banks, and Coifman's zero scalingfunction moments that were shown to help approximate inner products by samples, seem to have no DTWT interpretation.

Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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