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A partir da visão de design como artefato, podemos observar que ele deve descrever diversos aspectos do software para que, assim, possibilite sua construção. Entre estes aspectos, estão:

  • a estrutura estática do sistema, incluindo a hierarquia de seus módulos;
  • a descrição dos dados a serem usados;
  • os algoritmos a serem usados;
  • o empacotamento do sistema, em termos de como os módulos estão agrupados em unidades de compilação; e
  • as interações entre módulos, incluindo as regras de como elas devem acontecer e porque elas acontecem.

Podemos perceber que, apesar dos exemplos anteriores descreverem apenas parte do design de dois sistemas, eles mostram boa parte dos aspectos que esperamos no design de um software.

Por fim, citamos uma definição de design que engloba todos estes aspectos:

design de software
"É tanto o processo de definição da arquitetura, módulos, interfaces e outras características de um sistema quanto o resultado desse processo.” Freny Katki et al , editors. IEEE Standard Computer Dictionary: Compilation of IEEE Standard Computer Glossaries . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 1991.

Características de design de software

Projetar os diversos aspectos de um sistema de software é um processo trabalhoso. No entanto, pode proporcionar diversos benefícios.

Design de software permite avaliação prévia. Como desenvolver software custa tempo e dinheiro, não parece sensato alguém investir seus recursos no desenvolvimento de um sistema que não soluciona os problemas propostos pelos interessados. Dessa maneira, a avaliação prévia do sistema se torna imprescindível para garantir que ele alcance os objetivos desses interessados. Como o design descreve diversos aspectos que estarão presentes no sistema quando construído, ele permite esse tipo de avaliação. Além disso, fazer o design de um sistema é, geralmente, mais barato que construí-lo.

Considerando o sistema do [link] e que um de seus objetivos fosse a alta disponibilidade, podemos avaliar que design apresentado não seria a melhor solução para o objetivo proposto. Isso ocorre porque seu design possui um ponto único de falhas, que é uma característica indesejável para sistemas que buscam alta disponibilidade. Note ainda que não foi necessário ter o HBase desenvolvido para percebermos esse problema (na época em que implementava tal design, ele possuía cerca de cem mil linhas de código e alguns anos de desenvolvimento e, portanto, não sendo um software de desenvolvimento trivial), bastou apenas estudarmos seu design.

Design de software estimula modelagem. Ao modelar um sistema, o designer se concentra no domínio do problema, ignorando temporariamente detalhes menos significativos para se alcançar a solução. Isso facilita na separação da complexidade essencial da complexidade acidental do problema. E, como já dito por Fred Brooks em The Mythical Man-Month , essa separação é benéfica para a qualidade final do sistema projetado.

Design de software envolve planejamento. Uma vez que o design serve de guia para a construção do sistema, o designer deve então antecipar o que será necessário para tanto. Esse planejamento ajuda na estimativa dos diversos custos envolvidos no desenvolvimento do sistema. Entre esses custos, podemos citar:

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Source:  OpenStax, Arquitetura de software. OpenStax CNX. Jan 05, 2010 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10722/1.9
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