3.1 Properties of relations  (Page 2/2)

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The next two exercises aren't meant to be difficult, but rather to illustrate that, while we've sketched these twoapproaches and suggested they are equivalent, we still need an exact definition.

For the indicator function $f(x, y)=\begin{cases}\mbox{true} & \text{if y=x^{2}}\\ \mbox{false} & \text{otherwise}\end{cases}$ on the domain of (pairs of) natural numbers, write down the set-of-pairs representationfor the corresponding binary relation. It's insightful to give the answer both by listing the elements,possibly with ellipses, and also by using set-builder notation.

In general , for a binary indicator function $f$ , what, exactly, is the corresponding set?

$\{\left(0,0\right), \left(1,1\right), \left(2,4\right), \left(3,9\right), \text{…}, \left(i,i^{2}\right), \text{…}\}$ In set-builder notation, this is $\{\left(x,y\right)\colon y=x^{2}\}$

In general, for an indicator function $f$ , the correspondingset would be $\{\left(x,y\right)\colon f(x, y)\}$ (Note that we don't need to write

$f(x, y)=\mbox{true}$
; as computer scientists comfortable with Booleansas values, we see this is redundant.)

For the relation $\mathrm{hasPirate}=\{K, T, R, U, E\}$ on the set of (individual) WaterWorld locations, write down the indicator-function representationfor the corresponding unary relation. In general , how would you write down this translation?

$f_{\mathrm{hasPirate}}(x)=\begin{cases}\mbox{true} & \text{if x=K}\\ \mbox{true} & \text{if x=T}\\ \mbox{true} & \text{if x=R}\\ \mbox{true} & \text{if x=U}\\ \mbox{true} & \text{if x=E}\\ \mbox{false} & \text{otherwise}\end{cases}$ .

In general, for a (unary) relation $R$ , $f_{R}(x)=\begin{cases}\mbox{true} & \text{if x\in R}\\ \mbox{false} & \text{if x\notin R}\end{cases}$ .

Since these two formulations of a relation, sets and indicator functions,are so close, we'll often switch between them (a very slight abuse of terminology).

Think about when you write a program that uses the abstract data type Set . Its main operation is elementOf . When might you use an explicit enumeration to encode a set,and when an indicator function? Which would you use for the set of WaterWorld locations?Which for the set of prime numbers?

Functions as relations

Some binary relations have a special property: each element of the domain occurs as the first itemin exactly one tuple. For example, $\mathrm{isPlanet}=\{\left(\mathrm{Earth},\mbox{true}\right), \left(\mathrm{Venus},\mbox{true}\right), \left(\mathrm{Sol},\mbox{false}\right), \left(\mathrm{Ceres},\mbox{false}\right), \left(\mathrm{Mars},\mbox{true}\right)\}$ is actually a (unary) function. On the other hand, $\mathrm{isTheSquareOf}=\{\left(0,0\right), \left(1,1\right), \left(1,-1\right), \left(4,2\right), \left(4,-2\right), \left(9,3\right), \left(9,-3\right), \text{…}\}$ is not a function, for two reasons. First, some numbers occur as the first element of multiple pairs. Second, some numbers, like $3$ , occurs as the first element of no pairs.

We can generalize this to relations of higher arity, also. This is explored in this exercise and this one .

Binary relations

One subclass of relations are common enough to merit some special discussion: binary relations. These are relations on pairs, like $\mathrm{nhbr}$ .

Binary relation notation

Although we introduced relations with prefix notation, e.g., $<(i, j)$ , we'll use the more common infix notation, $i< j$ , for well-known arithmetic binary relations.

Binary relations as graphs

In fact, binary relations are common enough that sometimes people use some entirely new vocabulary:A domain with a binary relation can be called vertices with edges between them. Together this is known as a graph . We won't stress these terms right now,as we're not studying graph theory.

Binary relations (graphs) can be depicted visually, by drawing the domain elements (vertices) as dots,and drawing arrows (edges) between related elements.

A binary relation with a whole website devoted to it is

has starred in a movie with
. We'll call this relation $\mathrm{hasStarredWith}$ over the domain of actors. Some sample points in this relation:
• $\mathrm{hasStarredWith}(\mathrm{Ewan McGregor}, \mathrm{Cameron Diaz})$ , as witnessed by the movie A Life Less Ordinary , 1997.
• $\mathrm{hasStarredWith}(\mathrm{Cameron Diaz}, \mathrm{John Cusack})$ , as witnessed by the movie Being John Malkovich , 1999.
You can think of each actor being a
location
, and two actors being
to each other if they have ever starred in a movie together;two of these locations, even if not adjacent might have a multi-step path between them.(There is also a shorter path; can you think of it?The (in)famous Kevin Bacon game asks to find a shortest path from one location to thelocation Kevin Bacon. Make a guess, as to the longest shortest path leading from(some obscure) location to Kevin Bacon.)

Some other graphs:

• Vertices can be tasks, with edges meaning dependencies of what must be done first.
• In parallel processing, Vertices can be lines of code;there is an edge between two lines if they involve common variables.Finding subsets of vertices with no lines between them represent sets of instructions that can beexecuted in parallel (and thus assigned to different processors.)
seek to transform one word to another by changing one letter at a time, while always remaining a word.For example, a ladder leading from WHITE to SPINE in three steps is:
• WHITE
• WHINE
• SHINE
• SPINE
If a solution to such a puzzle corresponds to a path, what do vertices represent?What are edges? Do you think there is a path from any 5-letter word to another?

explain and give four Example hyperbolic function
The denominator of a certain fraction is 9 more than the numerator. If 6 is added to both terms of the fraction, the value of the fraction becomes 2/3. Find the original fraction. 2. The sum of the least and greatest of 3 consecutive integers is 60. What are the valu
1. x + 6 2 -------------- = _ x + 9 + 6 3 x + 6 3 ----------- x -- (cross multiply) x + 15 2 3(x + 6) = 2(x + 15) 3x + 18 = 2x + 30 (-2x from both) x + 18 = 30 (-18 from both) x = 12 Test: 12 + 6 18 2 -------------- = --- = --- 12 + 9 + 6 27 3
Pawel
2. (x) + (x + 2) = 60 2x + 2 = 60 2x = 58 x = 29 29, 30, & 31
Pawel
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Ifeanyi
on number 2 question How did you got 2x +2
Ifeanyi
combine like terms. x + x + 2 is same as 2x + 2
Pawel
Mark and Don are planning to sell each of their marble collections at a garage sale. If Don has 1 more than 3 times the number of marbles Mark has, how many does each boy have to sell if the total number of marbles is 113?
Mark = x,. Don = 3x + 1 x + 3x + 1 = 113 4x = 112, x = 28 Mark = 28, Don = 85, 28 + 85 = 113
Pawel
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what is a solution set?
Harshika
find the subring of gaussian integers?
Rofiqul
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Abdullahi
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Mark
find the value of 2x=32
divide by 2 on each side of the equal sign to solve for x
corri
X=16
Michael
Want to review on complex number 1.What are complex number 2.How to solve complex number problems.
Beyan
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Mark
use the y -intercept and slope to sketch the graph of the equation y=6x
how do we prove the quadratic formular
Darius
hello, if you have a question about Algebra 2. I may be able to help. I am an Algebra 2 Teacher
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Seidu
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Opoku
what is math number
4
Trista
x-2y+3z=-3 2x-y+z=7 -x+3y-z=6
can you teacch how to solve that🙏
Mark
Solve for the first variable in one of the equations, then substitute the result into the other equation. Point For: (6111,4111,−411)(6111,4111,-411) Equation Form: x=6111,y=4111,z=−411x=6111,y=4111,z=-411
Brenna
(61/11,41/11,−4/11)
Brenna
x=61/11 y=41/11 z=−4/11 x=61/11 y=41/11 z=-4/11
Brenna
Need help solving this problem (2/7)^-2
x+2y-z=7
Sidiki
what is the coefficient of -4×
-1
Shedrak
the operation * is x * y =x + y/ 1+(x × y) show if the operation is commutative if x × y is not equal to -1
A soccer field is a rectangle 130 meters wide and 110 meters long. The coach asks players to run from one corner to the other corner diagonally across. What is that distance, to the nearest tenths place.
Jeannette has $5 and$10 bills in her wallet. The number of fives is three more than six times the number of tens. Let t represent the number of tens. Write an expression for the number of fives.
What is the expressiin for seven less than four times the number of nickels
How do i figure this problem out.
how do you translate this in Algebraic Expressions
why surface tension is zero at critical temperature
Shanjida
I think if critical temperature denote high temperature then a liquid stats boils that time the water stats to evaporate so some moles of h2o to up and due to high temp the bonding break they have low density so it can be a reason
s.
Need to simplify the expresin. 3/7 (x+y)-1/7 (x-1)=
. After 3 months on a diet, Lisa had lost 12% of her original weight. She lost 21 pounds. What was Lisa's original weight?
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