# 13.1 An introduction to the analysis of brain waves  (Page 7/8)

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We then plot the results on a 2-D plane using imagesc() . This function associates colors with the values in the matrix, so that you can see where the values in the matrix are larger. Thus we get a pretty picture as above.

## Testing the spectrogram

For the first test, we will try a simple sin wave.

For the second test, we will use a more interesting function. Below we have plotted $sin\left(6*2\pi t\right)+sin\left(20*2\pi t\right)+2*sin\left({e}^{t/1.5}\right)$ over $\left[0,10\right]$ .

This function is interesting because it contains a frequency component that is changing over time. While we have waves at a constant 6 and 20 Hertz, the third component speeds up as $t$ gets larger and the exponential curve gets steeper. Thus for the plot we expect to see a frequency component that is increasing. This is exactly what we see in [link] –two constant bands of frequency, and one train of frequency that increases with time.

>> dt = 1e-4;>> t = 0:sr:10;>> y = sin(6*2*pi*t)+sin(20*2*pi*t)+2*sin(exp(t/1.5));>> my_stft(y, dt, 5000);

## Application to eeg data

For the final section, we will analyze actual brain waves. We recorded from and EEG, and got the signal in [link] .

To analyze, we find the time-step in the data, then call mysgram(). This gives us the plot below.

Compare the spectrogram to the raw signal. What do you notice? Perhaps the most notable change is the significant increase in signal magnitude near 18 seconds. This is reflected in the spectrogram with the brighter colors. Also, several "dominant" frequencies emerge. Two faint bands appear at 10 Hz 4 Hz for the first half of the signal. In the last section, a cluster of frequencies between 6 and 10 Hz dominate. Many of the patterns are hidden behind the subtleties in the data, however. Decoding the spectrogram is at least as difficult and creating it. Indeed, it is much less defined. The next section will explore these rules in the context of an interesting application.

## Application: driving a car

One application of decoding brain waves is giving commands to a machine via brainwaves. To see developing work in this field, see this video of the company NeuroSky. Of the many machines we could command, we choose here to command a virtual car (some assembly required) that goes left or right. As above, the decision rule for such a program is not obvious. As a first try, we can find the strongest frequency for each time section and compare it to a set value. If it is lower, the car moves left, and if higher, the car moves right. The following code implements this rule:

   %load dataload bwave N = numel(eeg_sig);win_len = 3 * round(N / 60); n = 0;freq_criterion = 8; while (n+3) * win_len / 3<= N %for each time window %define the moving window and isolate that piece of signalsig_win = eeg_sig(round(n * win_len / 3) + (1:win_len));%perform fourier analysis [freq raw_amps]= myfourier(sig_win, dt, 1); %only take positive frequenciesfreq = freq((end/2+1):end); %add sine and cosine entries togethefamps = abs(sum(raw_amps(end/2:end,1), 2));%find the maximum one [a idx]= max(amps);%find the frequency corresponding to the max amplitude max_freq = freq(idx);%decided which way the car should move based on the max frequencyif max_freq<freq_criterion; fprintf('Moving left.... (fmax = %f)\n', max_freq);%this is where we put animation code elsefprintf('Moving right.....(fmax = %f)\n', max_freq); %this is where we put animation codeendpause(.5); %for dramatic effect :) n = n + 1;end

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Renato
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Kyle
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Kyle
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Joe
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research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
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nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
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Daniel
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Abigail
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Anassong
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NANO
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s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
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Tarell
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Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
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CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
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Harper
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s.
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SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
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Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
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Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
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