0.17 Appendix a: chronology

1743

American Philosophical Society founded

1790

American Academy of Arts and Sciences founded

1803-05

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1846

Smithsonian Institution founded

1848

American Association for the Advancement of Science founded

1862

Passage of Morrill Act, establishing land-grant colleges

Department of Agriculture established by Congress

1863

National Academy of Sciences chartered

1876

Johns Hopkins University founded

1878

Coast and Geodetic Survey established

U.S. Geological Survey established

1884-86

Allison Commission hearings

1890

Weather Bureau established

1902

National Bureau of Standards created

1912

Public Health Service created

1915

National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics established

1916

Emphasis on scientific facilities in State of the Union message

National Research Council established by executive order on a temporary basis

1918

National Research Council established on a permanent basis

1921

Bureau of the Budget established within Treasury Department

1923

Social Science Research Council created

Hygienic Laboratory within Public Health Service renamed National Institute of Health

1933

Science Advisory Board (Compton Board) established

1935

National Resources Committee established

Science Advisory Board expires

1937

President’s Committee on Administrative Management report released

1938

Relation of Federal Government to Research , vol. 1 of Research: a National Resource released

1939

Executive Office of the President (EoP) created

Bureau of the Budget moved from Treasury Department to EoP

1940

National Defense Research Committee established

1941

Office of Scientific Research and Development established

1945

Science—the Endless Frontier transmitted to President Truman

1946

Council of Economic Advisors created within EoP

Atomic Energy Commission created

Office of Naval Research created on permanent basis

President’s Scientific Research Board (Steelman Board) created

1947

Unification of Armed Forces with creation of Department of Defense

National Security Council created within EoP

Secretary of State Marshall announces plan for reconstruction of Europe

A Program for the Nation , vol. 1 of the Steelman Board’s Science and Public Policy , transmitted to President Truman

1948

National Institute of Health renamed National Institutes of Health

1949

Federal Council for Science and Technology established

1950

National Science Foundation created

1951

Science Advisory Committee to Office of Defense Mobilization created

1957

Soviet Union places Sputnik into orbit

President’s Science Advisory Committee established

1957

International Geophysical Year begins

1958

National Defense Education Act signed into law

Defense Advanced Project Agency created within DoD

1961

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency created

1962

Office of Science and Technology created within EoP

1963

Nuclear Test Ban treaty ratified by Congress

1970

Bureau of the Budget renamed Office of Management and Budget

Environmental Protection Agency created

1972

Office of Technology Assessment created

1973

Abolition of presidential science advisory system made public

First Asilomar conference

1975

Energy Research and Development Agency created, absorbing Atomic Energy Commission

Second Asilomar conference

1976

National Science and Technology Policy, Organization and Priorities Act (PL 94-282) signed into law, establishing: President’s Council on Science and Technology; Office of Science and Technology Policy; Federal Coordinating Committee for Science, Engineering and Technology (renamed Federal Council for Science and Technology)

1977

Department of Energy created

1980

Bayh Dole Act passed by Congress

1982

White House Science Council created

1983

Strategic Defense Initiative proposed

1990

President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology created

1991

President’s Information Advisory Committee established

1992

Critical Technologies Institute created

1993

Government Performance and Results Act passed by Congress

1994

National Science and Technology Council created, absorbing and expanding membership of Federal Coordinating Committee for Science, Engineering and Technology

2001

National Nanotechnology Initiative approved by Congress

2007

America Competes Act passed by Congress

2009

American Recovery and Reinvention Act passed by Congress