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1743

American Philosophical Society founded

1790

American Academy of Arts and Sciences founded

1803-05

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1846

Smithsonian Institution founded

1848

American Association for the Advancement of Science founded

1862

Passage of Morrill Act, establishing land-grant colleges

Department of Agriculture established by Congress

1863

National Academy of Sciences chartered

1876

Johns Hopkins University founded

1878

Coast and Geodetic Survey established

U.S. Geological Survey established

1884-86

Allison Commission hearings

1890

Weather Bureau established

1902

National Bureau of Standards created

1912

Public Health Service created

1915

National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics established

1916

Emphasis on scientific facilities in State of the Union message

National Research Council established by executive order on a temporary basis

1918

National Research Council established on a permanent basis

1921

Bureau of the Budget established within Treasury Department

1923

Social Science Research Council created

Hygienic Laboratory within Public Health Service renamed National Institute of Health

1933

Science Advisory Board (Compton Board) established

1935

National Resources Committee established

Science Advisory Board expires

1937

President’s Committee on Administrative Management report released

1938

Relation of Federal Government to Research , vol. 1 of Research: a National Resource released

1939

Executive Office of the President (EoP) created

Bureau of the Budget moved from Treasury Department to EoP

1940

National Defense Research Committee established

1941

Office of Scientific Research and Development established

1945

Science—the Endless Frontier transmitted to President Truman

1946

Council of Economic Advisors created within EoP

Atomic Energy Commission created

Office of Naval Research created on permanent basis

President’s Scientific Research Board (Steelman Board) created

1947

Unification of Armed Forces with creation of Department of Defense

National Security Council created within EoP

Secretary of State Marshall announces plan for reconstruction of Europe

A Program for the Nation , vol. 1 of the Steelman Board’s Science and Public Policy , transmitted to President Truman

1948

National Institute of Health renamed National Institutes of Health

1949

Federal Council for Science and Technology established

1950

National Science Foundation created

1951

Science Advisory Committee to Office of Defense Mobilization created

1957

Soviet Union places Sputnik into orbit

President’s Science Advisory Committee established

1957

International Geophysical Year begins

1958

National Defense Education Act signed into law

Defense Advanced Project Agency created within DoD

1961

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency created

1962

Office of Science and Technology created within EoP

1963

Nuclear Test Ban treaty ratified by Congress

1970

Bureau of the Budget renamed Office of Management and Budget

Environmental Protection Agency created

1972

Office of Technology Assessment created

1973

Abolition of presidential science advisory system made public

First Asilomar conference

1975

Energy Research and Development Agency created, absorbing Atomic Energy Commission

Second Asilomar conference

1976

National Science and Technology Policy, Organization and Priorities Act (PL 94-282) signed into law, establishing: President’s Council on Science and Technology; Office of Science and Technology Policy; Federal Coordinating Committee for Science, Engineering and Technology (renamed Federal Council for Science and Technology)

1977

Department of Energy created

1980

Bayh Dole Act passed by Congress

1982

White House Science Council created

1983

Strategic Defense Initiative proposed

1990

President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology created

1991

President’s Information Advisory Committee established

1992

Critical Technologies Institute created

1993

Government Performance and Results Act passed by Congress

1994

National Science and Technology Council created, absorbing and expanding membership of Federal Coordinating Committee for Science, Engineering and Technology

2001

National Nanotechnology Initiative approved by Congress

2007

America Competes Act passed by Congress

2009

American Recovery and Reinvention Act passed by Congress

Questions & Answers

the diagram of the digestive system
Assiatu Reply
allimentary cannel
Ogenrwot
How does twins formed
William Reply
They formed in two ways first when one sperm and one egg are splited by mitosis or two sperm and two eggs join together
Oluwatobi
what is genetics
Josephine Reply
Genetics is the study of heredity
Misack
how does twins formed?
Misack
What is manual
Hassan Reply
discuss biological phenomenon and provide pieces of evidence to show that it was responsible for the formation of eukaryotic organelles
Joseph Reply
what is biology
Yousuf Reply
the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments
AI-Robot
the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environment.
Wine
discuss the biological phenomenon and provide pieces of evidence to show that it was responsible for the formation of eukaryotic organelles in an essay form
Joseph Reply
what is the blood cells
Shaker Reply
list any five characteristics of the blood cells
Shaker
lack electricity and its more savely than electronic microscope because its naturally by using of light
Abdullahi Reply
advantage of electronic microscope is easily and clearly while disadvantage is dangerous because its electronic. advantage of light microscope is savely and naturally by sun while disadvantage is not easily,means its not sharp and not clear
Abdullahi
cell theory state that every organisms composed of one or more cell,cell is the basic unit of life
Abdullahi
is like gone fail us
DENG
cells is the basic structure and functions of all living things
Ramadan
What is classification
ISCONT Reply
is organisms that are similar into groups called tara
Yamosa
in what situation (s) would be the use of a scanning electron microscope be ideal and why?
Kenna Reply
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is ideal for situations requiring high-resolution imaging of surfaces. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and geology to examine the topography and composition of samples at a nanoscale level. SEM is particularly useful for studying fine details,
Hilary
cell is the building block of life.
Condoleezza Reply
what is cell divisoin?
Aron Reply
Diversity of living thing
ISCONT
what is cell division
Aron Reply
Cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It is a fundamental process in all living organisms and is essential for growth, development, and reproduction. Cell division can occur through either mitosis or meiosis.
AI-Robot
What is life?
Allison Reply
life is defined as any system capable of performing functions such as eating, metabolizing,excreting,breathing,moving,Growing,reproducing,and responding to external stimuli.
Mohamed
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Source:  OpenStax, A history of federal science policy from the new deal to the present. OpenStax CNX. Jun 26, 2010 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11210/1.2
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