Unit 2. animal structure and function

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The animal body: basic form and function

Animal form and function

0.2 Limits on animal size and shape

0.3 Limiting effects of diffusion on size and development

0.4 Animal bioenergetics

0.8 Animal body planes and cavities

0.9 Section summary

1 Animal primary tissues

1.1 Epithelial tissues

1.2 Squamous epithelia

1.3 Cuboidal epithelia

1.4 Columnar epithelia

1.5 Transitional epithelia

1.6 Connective tissues

1.7 Loose/areolar connective tissue

1.8 Fibrous connective tissue

1.11 Adipose tissue

1.13 Muscle tissues

1.14 Smooth muscle

1.15 Skeletal muscle

1.16 Cardiac muscle

1.17 Nervous tissues

1.18 Section summary

1.19 Art connections

2.1 Homeostatic process

2.2 Control of homeostasis

2.3 Negative feedback mechanisms

2.4 Positive feedback loop

2.6 Homeostasis: thermoregulation

2.7 Endotherms and ectotherms

2.8 Heat conservation and dissipation

2.9 Neural control of thermoregulation

2.10 Section summary

2.11 Art connections

Animal nutrition and the digestive system

Digestive systems

1 Nutrition and energy production

2 Digestive system processes

3 Digestive system regulation

3.1 Neural responses to food

3.2 Digestive phases

3.3 Hormonal responses to food

3.4 Section summary

The circulatory system

Overview of the circulatory system

1 Components of the blood

1.1 The role of blood in the body

1.2 Red blood cells

1.3 White blood cells

1.4 Platelets and coagulation factors

1.5 Plasma and serum

1.6 Section summary

2 Mammalian heart and blood vessels

2.1 Structure of the heart

2.2 The cardiac cycle

2.3 Arteries, veins, and capillaries

2.4 Section summary

2.5 Art connections

3 Blood flow and blood pressure regulation

3.1 How blood flows through the body

3.2 Blood pressure

3.3 Blood pressure regulation

3.4 Section summary

3.5 Art connections

The respiratory system

Systems of gas exchange

0.1 Direct diffusion

0.2 Skin and gills

0.3 Tracheal systems

0.4 Mammalian systems

0.5 Lungs: bronchi and alveoli

0.6 Protective mechanisms

0.7 Section summary

1 Derived copy of gas exchange across respiratory surfaces

3 Transport of gases in human bodily fluids

3.1 Transport of oxygen in the blood

3.3 Factors that affect oxygen binding

3.4 Transport of carbon dioxide in the blood

3.5 Carbon monoxide poisoning

3.6 Section summary

3.7 Art connections

Osmotic regulation and excretion

Osmoregulation and osmotic balance

0.1 Need for osmoregulation

0.2 Transport of electrolytes across cell membranes

0.3 Concept of osmolality and milliequivalent

0.4 Osmoregulators and osmoconformers

0.5 Section summary

1 The kidneys and osmoregulatory organs

1.1 Kidneys: the main osmoregulatory organ

1.2 Kidney structure

1.3 Renal corpuscle

1.4 Renal tubule

1.5 Capillary network within the nephron

1.6 Kidney function and physiology

1.7 Glomerular filtration

1.8 Tubular reabsorption and secretion

1.9 Section summary

1.10 Art connections

2 Excretion systems

3 Nitrogenous wastes

3.1 Nitrogenous waste in terrestrial animals: the urea cycle

3.2 Nitrogenous waste in birds and reptiles: uric acid

3.3 Section summary

The immune system and disease

1.1 How viruses replicate

1.2 Steps of virus infections

1.3 Viruses and disease

1.4 Vaccines for prevention

1.5 Vaccines and antiviral drugs for treatment

1.6 Section summary

1.7 Art connections

2 Innate immunity

3 Adaptive immunity

4 Disruptions in the immune system

The musculoskeletal system

Types of skeletal systems

0.1 Hydrostatic skeleton

0.2 Exoskeleton

0.3 Endoskeleton

0.4 Human axial skeleton

0.6 The vertebral column

0.7 The thoracic cage

0.8 Human appendicular skeleton

0.9 The pectoral girdle

0.10 The upper limb

0.11 The pelvic girdle

0.12 The lower limb

0.13 Section summary

1.1 Bone tissue

1.2 Compact bone tissue

1.3 Spongy bone tissue

1.4 Cell types in bones

1.5 Development of bone

1.6 Intramembranous ossification

1.7 Endochondral ossification

1.8 Growth of bone

1.9 Lengthening of long bones

1.10 Thickening of long bones

1.11 Bone remodeling and repair

1.12 Section summary

1.13 Art exercise

2 Joints and skeletal movement

2.1 Classification of joints on the basis of structure

2.2 Fibrous joints

2.3 Cartilaginous joints

2.4 Synovial joints

2.5 Classification of joints on the basis of function

2.6 Movement at synovial joints

2.7 Gliding movement

2.8 Angular movement

2.9 Rotational movement

2.10 Special movements

2.11 Types of synovial joints

2.12 Planar joints

2.13 Hinge joints

2.14 Pivot joints

2.15 Condyloid joints

2.16 Saddle joints

2.17 Ball-and-socket joints

2.18 Section summary

3 Muscle contraction and locomotion

3.1 Skeletal muscle fiber structure

3.2 Sliding filament model of contraction

3.3 Atp and muscle contraction

3.4 Regulatory proteins

3.5 Excitation–contraction coupling

3.6 Control of muscle tension

3.7 Section summary

3.8 Art connections

The nervous system

Derived copy of neurons and glial cells

0.2 Parts of a neuron

0.4 Types of glia

0.5 Section summary

0.6 Art connections

1 Derived copy of how neurons communicate

1.1 Nerve impulse transmission within a neuron

1.2 Neuronal charged membranes

1.3 Resting membrane potential

1.4 Action potential

1.5 Myelin and the propagation of the action potential

1.6 Synaptic transmission

1.7 Chemical synapse

1.8 Electrical synapse

1.9 Signal summation

1.10 Art connections

2 The central nervous system

2.1 The cerebrum

2.2 Cerebral cortex

2.3 Subcortical structures

2.4 The diencephalon

2.6 Hypothalamus

2.11 The cerebellum

2.12 The spinal cord

2.13 Gray horns

2.14 White columns

2.15 Chapter review

2.16 Interactive link questions

3 The peripheral nervous system

4 Nervous system disorders

Sensory systems

Sensory processes

0.2 Transduction

0.3 Encoding and transmission of sensory information

0.5 Section summary

1 Somatosensation

1.1 Somatosensory receptors

1.2 Integration of signals from mechanoreceptors

1.3 Density of mechanoreceptors

1.4 Thermoreception

1.6 Section summary

1.7 Art connections

2 Taste and smell

3 Hearing and vestibular sensation

The endocrine system

Types of hormones

0.1 Lipid-derived hormones (or lipid-soluble hormones)

0.2 Amino acid-derived hormones

0.3 Peptide hormones

0.4 Section summary

1 Derived copy of how hormones work

1.1 Intracellular hormone receptors

1.2 Plasma membrane hormone receptors

1.3 Section summary

1.4 Art connections

2 Derived copy of regulation of body processes

2.1 Hormonal regulation of the excretory system

2.2 Hormonal regulation of the reproductive system

2.3 Regulation of the male reproductive system

2.4 Regulation of the female reproductive system

2.5 Hormonal regulation of metabolism

2.6 Regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin and glucagon

2.7 Hormonal regulation of stress

2.8 Short-term stress response

2.9 Long-term stress response

2.10 Section summary

2.11 Art connections

3 Regulation of hormone production

4 Derived copy of endocrine glands

4.1 Hypothalamic-pituitary axis

4.2 Anterior pituitary

4.3 Posterior pituitary

4.4 Thyroid gland

4.5 Parathyroid glands

4.6 Adrenal glands

4.7 Adrenal cortex

4.8 Adrenal medulla

4.10 Pineal gland

4.12 Section summary

Animal reproduction and development

1 How animals reproduce

2 Development and organogenesis

3 Human reproduction

Source: OpenStax, Bmcc 103 - concepts of biology. OpenStax CNX. Aug 06, 2015 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11855/1.2

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