Language fundamentals

OpenStax

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Itse1359-1010-getting started

0.1 Table of contents

0.3 What you will learn

0.5 Programmers

0.6 Python programmers

0.7 Windows would be handy

0.8 Practice, practice, and more practice

0.9 Viewing tip

0.11 Why use Python ?

0.12 What is Python ?

0.13 More facts, less hype

0.14 Learn OOP without the details

0.15 A beginner-friendly language

0.16 Sneaking up on OOP

0.17 Python has an interactive mode

0.18 Python has a non-interactive mode

0.19 Python combines interactive and non-interactive modes

0.20 Small core, large library

0.21 Let's Write a Program

0.22 Getting ready

0.23 Download and install the software

0.24 Starting the programming environment

0.25 Enough talk -- let's begin

0.26 What do you see?

0.27 The Python Manuals

0.28 The library reference

0.29 IDLE (Python GUI)

0.30 What does it look like ?

0.31 What is a GUI ?

0.32 The Python (command line) selection

0.33 The command-line window

0.34 Your first (interactive) Python program

0.35 Hello World in Python

0.36 The Python prompt > > >

0.37 Let's do it

0.38 Congratulations

0.39 Python is ready for more

0.40 Miscellaneous

1 Itse1359-1010r-review

2 Itse1359-1015-program organization

3 Itse1359-1020-numbers

3.1 Table of contents

3.3 Viewing tip

3.5 Let's program

3.6 Start the interactive Python environment

3.7 Program comments

3.8 How useful are comments ?

3.9 A Python comment

3.10 Using the interactive mode

3.11 What is that ... prompt ?

3.12 The sum of 2 and 5

3.13 Input and output

3.14 What was the input in this case ?

3.15 What was the output ?

3.16 Mixing comments and expressions

3.17 Command line versus GUI

3.18 Let's get technical

3.19 Statement ends at the end of the line

3.20 Literal values and variables

3.23 Unary and binary operators

3.24 Some can be either

3.25 Some arithmetic operators

3.26 Addition, subtraction, and multiplication

3.28 Integer division

3.29 Do you remember long division ?

3.30 The modulus operator

3.31 The order of operations

3.32 Operator precedence

3.33 Grouping terms with parentheses

3.34 Forcing addition to be performed first

3.35 Forcing multiplication to be performed first

3.36 Nested parentheses

3.37 Negative integer division

3.38 Complex numbers

3.39 Programming errors

3.40 Miscellaneous

4 Itse1359-1020r-review

4.1 Table of contents

4.10 Question 7

4.11 Question 8

4.12 Question 9

4.13 Question 10

4.14 Question 11

4.15 Question 12

4.29 Miscellaneous

5 Itse1359-1030-variables and identifiers

5.1 Table of contents

5.3 Viewing tip

5.5 What is a variable?

5.6 A pigeonhole in memory

5.7 The concept of type

5.8 Strongly typed languages

5.9 Python is not strongly typed

5.10 Declaration of variables

5.11 Dangerous curves ahead !

5.12 Don't use the same name for two variables

5.13 A more subtle danger

5.14 Rules for identifiers

5.15 Give me the rules in plain English

5.16 Allowable characters

5.17 Case is significant

5.20 Let's program

5.21 Start the interactive Python environment

5.22 Create and use some variables

5.23 Back to the pigeonholes

5.24 The assignment operator

5.25 What is an operand ?

5.26 Addition of variables

5.27 Assigning the same value to several variables

5.28 Create three variables

5.29 Assign different values

5.30 A more comprehensive explanation

5.31 A code visualizer tool

5.32 Creation of variables and objects

5.33 The important point

5.34 The sum of two variables

5.35 Assigning the same value To several variables

5.36 Breaking a reference to an object

5.37 Type considerations

5.38 Advantages and disadvantages

5.39 The range of values

5.41 Floating point provides greater range

5.42 Sometimes range is important, and sometimes not

5.43 Approximate results

5.44 Automatic type handling in Python

5.45 Python takes care of routine type issues automatically

5.46 Assign some floating point values

5.47 How is this accomplished?

5.48 The magic continuation variable

5.49 How does it work ?

5.50 Sum is saved in the continuation variable

5.51 The primary purpose of the continuation variable

5.52 Illegal variable names

5.53 Variable name spelling errors

5.54 A serious programming problem

5.55 Why did this happen ?

5.56 The code visualizer

5.57 Spelling errors can be dangerous

5.58 Defending against spelling errors

5.59 Meaningful variable names

5.60 Remember, case is significant in variable names

5.61 Miscellaneous

6 Itse1359-1030r-review

6.1 Table of contents

6.10 Question 7

6.11 Question 8

6.12 Question 9

6.13 Question 10

6.14 Question 11

6.15 Question 12

6.16 Figure index

6.30 Miscellaneous

7 Itse1359-1040-strings part 1

7.1 Table of contents

7.3 Viewing tip

7.5 Introduction to the string

7.7 An expression using variables

7.8 An expression using literals

7.9 String literals

7.10 A syntax error

7.11 A valid string literal

7.12 Proper syntax

7.13 Bad syntax

7.14 More examples

7.15 Triple-quoted strings

7.16 The newline (\n) character

7.17 Representing the newline character

7.18 An escape sequence

7.19 One more syntax option

7.20 Escape sequences

7.21 The newline character

7.22 The built-in print function

7.23 Including the newline character

7.24 The print function renders according to meaning

7.25 The quote character

7.26 Escaping the quote character

7.27 Avoiding the quote problem

7.28 List of escape sequences

7.29 More ways to span lines

7.30 End the line with a backslash

7.31 Not restricted to strings

7.32 A form of concatenation

7.33 Use the \n escape sequence

7.34 Combine backslash and \n

7.35 String concatenation

7.36 Literal string concatenation

7.37 Concatenate through placement

7.38 Creating whitespace

7.39 Using + for concatenation

7.40 Whitespace is included in the quotes

7.41 Visualizing string concatenation

7.42 More on strings later

7.43 Miscellaneous

8 Itse1359-1040r-review

8.1 Table of contents

8.10 Question 7

8.11 Question 8

8.12 Figure index

8.22 Miscellaneous

9 Itse1359-1050-introduction to scripts

9.1 Table of contents

9.3 Viewing tip

9.6 Introduction

9.7 Important characteristics of scripts

9.8 Scripts are reusable

9.9 Scripts are editable

9.10 You will need a text editor

9.11 Combining scripts with interactive mode

9.12 Getting started

9.13 The location of python.exe

9.14 Setting the path permanently

9.15 Setting the path temporarily

9.16 A Windows batch file

9.17 Setting the path with a batch file

9.18 Create a script file

9.19 Run your script file

9.20 The correct output

9.21 Alternative approaches

9.23 Online code visualizer

9.24 How To Think Like a Computer Scientist

9.25 Visualize your script file with the Online Python Tutor

9.26 What's next ?

9.27 Practice, practice

9.28 Cut-and-paste programming

9.29 Miscellaneous

10 Itse1359-1050r-review

10.1 Table of contents

10.4 Question 1

10.5 Question 2

10.6 Question 3

10.7 Question 4

10.8 Question 5

10.9 Question 6

10.10 Question 7

10.11 Figure index

10.20 Miscellaneous

11 Itse1359-1060-syntax

11.1 Table of contents

11.3 Viewing tip

11.6 Introduction

11.7 Program construction

11.8 A physical line

11.9 A logical line

11.10 Statements and logical lines

11.12 Explicit line joining

11.13 The backslash character

11.14 For illustration only

11.15 No spaces or comments allowed

11.16 Otherwise illegal

11.17 Implicit line joining

11.18 Blank lines

11.19 Indentation

11.20 Indentation is used to determine grouping of statements

11.21 A blessing and a curse

11.22 No safety nets

11.23 An example of correct indentation

11.24 Compare A with B and take appropriate action

11.25 A compound statement

11.26 Group behavior

11.27 Another sample script

11.28 Members of the group

11.29 An opinion

11.30 Indentation details

11.31 Leading whitespace

11.33 The bottom line on indentation

11.34 Miscellaneous

12 Itse1359-1060r-review

12.1 Table of contents

12.4 Question 1

12.5 Question 2

12.6 Question 3

12.7 Question 4

12.8 Question 5

12.9 Question 6

12.10 Question 7

12.19 Miscellaneous

13 Itse1359-1065-visualizing python

14 Itse1359-1070p-preview-strings part 2

15 Itse1359-1070-strings part 2

15.1 Table of contents

15.3 Viewing tip

15.6 Introduction

15.7 What you have learned

15.8 What you will learn

15.10 A practical example

15.11 Assigning an ordinal index

15.12 Using an ordinal index

15.13 Index values automatically assigned

15.15 A sample program

15.16 The program listing

15.17 Will discuss in fragments

15.18 Interesting code fragments

15.19 Extract a single character

15.20 Create a string object to work with

15.21 Visualizing the string object

15.22 Index values always begin with zero

15.23 Display the character at index 3

15.24 Is this the fourth character ?

15.25 An important and potentially confusing point

15.26 Not like eggs

15.27 A simple slice

15.28 Slice notation

15.29 The end is non-inclusive

15.30 Extract the first word in the string

15.31 Extract the last word in the string

15.32 A more complicated slice

15.33 Omitting the first index

15.34 Omitting the second index

15.35 Print the entire string

15.36 Print an empty string

15.37 Negative indices

15.38 Eliminating confusion

15.39 Getting the length of a string

15.40 The complete output

15.41 A string is immutable

15.42 Miscellaneous

15.43 Complete program listing

16 Itse1359-1070r-review

17 Itse1359-1080pa-preview-01-lists part 1

18 Itse1359-1080pb-preview-02-lists part 1

18.1 Table of contents

18.3 Viewing tip

18.6 General background information

18.7 Discussion and sample code

18.8 Program output

18.9 Instructions

18.10 Answers in the back of the book

18.11 Miscellaneous

19 Itse1359-1080pc-preview-03-lists part 1

20 Itse1359-1080-lists part 1

20.1 Table of contents

20.3 Viewing tip

20.6 Introduction

20.7 What you have learned

20.8 Introducing lists

20.9 A subscription

20.10 Description

20.11 The primary

20.12 A clarification

20.13 The expression_list

20.14 An example of an integer expression_list

20.15 Negative integers

20.16 Example of a negative index

20.17 More negative-integer rules

20.18 Good and bad negative integers

20.19 The character type

20.20 A sequence

20.21 A mapping

20.22 A real dictionary example

20.23 Is this a definition or a value ?

20.24 No mention of the Python language

20.25 What about the expression_list ?

20.27 A mutable sequence

20.29 Some sample programs

20.30 Creating, indexing, and slicing lists

20.31 An example list

20.32 Print an item using a subscription

20.33 Print some slices

20.34 Program output

20.35 Visualize sliced lists

20.36 Create new lists by slicing an existing list

20.37 Change an item in the original list

20.38 Lists can be concatenated

20.39 A concatenation program

20.40 Concatenation program output

20.41 Visualize concatenated lists

20.42 Create a new list by concatenating two existing lists

20.43 Change an element in an original list

20.44 Lists are mutable

20.45 Replace a string with another string

20.46 Multiply an integer element by two

20.47 Replace a string by a float

20.48 List modification program output

20.49 More to come

20.50 Miscellaneous

21 Itse1359-1080r-review

21.1 Table of contents

21.4 Question 1

21.5 Question 2

21.6 Question 3

21.7 Question 4

21.8 Question 5

21.9 Question 6

21.10 Question 7

21.11 Question 8

21.12 Question 9

21.13 Question 10

21.14 Question 11

21.15 Question 12

21.16 Question 13

21.17 Question 14

21.18 Question 15

21.19 Question 16

21.20 Question 17

21.21 Question 18

21.22 Listing index

21.24 Answer 18

21.25 Answer 17

21.26 Answer 16

21.27 Answer 15

21.28 Answer 14

21.29 Answer 13

21.30 Answer 12

21.31 Answer 11

21.32 Answer 10

21.42 Miscellaneous

22 Itse1359-1090pa-preview-01-lists part 2

23 Itse1359-1090pb-preview-02-lists part 2

24 Itse1359-1090pc-preview-03-lists part 2

25 Itse1359-1090pd-preview-04-lists part 2

25.1 Table of contents

25.3 Viewing tip

25.6 General background information

25.7 Discussion and sample code

25.8 Program output For more nested elements

25.9 Instructions

25.10 Answers in the back of the book

25.11 Miscellaneous

26 Itse1359-1090pe-preview-05-lists part 2

27 Itse1359-1090-lists part 2

27.1 Table of contents

27.3 Viewing tip

27.6 Introduction

27.7 Manipulating lists

27.8 Other ways to manipulate lists

27.9 Some sample programs

27.10 Replacing a slice

27.11 Can change the length of the list

27.12 The function named len()

27.13 Replaces a three-element slice with a six-element list

27.14 Length of the list is increased by 3

27.15 Program output

27.16 Replacing an element with a list

27.17 Behavior is different from above

27.18 Produces nested lists

27.19 Length is unchanged

27.20 Program output from replacing an element with a list

27.21 One element is itself a list

27.22 A visualization

27.23 Extracting elements from a nested list

27.24 Display the nested list combination

27.25 Double-square-bracket notation

27.26 Program output from extracting elements from a nested list

27.27 More on nested elements

27.28 Create a list of lists

27.29 Inner lists are different lengths

27.30 Program behavior and output

27.31 Getting the length of a nested list

27.32 Arrays -- not for beginners

27.33 Python lists are more powerful

27.34 Sub-arrays can be different sizes

27.35 Types can also be different

27.36 A three-dimensional array program

27.37 Triple-square-bracket notation

27.38 Visualization of a three-dimensional array

27.39 Program behavior

27.40 Output from a three-dimensional array program

27.41 More information on lists

27.42 Miscellaneous

28 Itse1359-1090r-review

29 Itse1359-1100-indexing and slicing tuples

29.1 Table of contents

29.3 Viewing tip

29.6 Introduction

29.7 What is a tuple ?

29.8 Description of a tuple

29.9 An array of references

29.10 What can you do with a tuple ?

29.11 Why do tuples exist ?

29.12 A sample program

29.13 Indexing and slicing tuples

29.14 The program output

29.15 Tuple syntax

29.16 Indexing items in a tuple

29.17 Tuples can be sliced

29.18 Complete program listing

29.19 Run the program

29.20 Miscellaneous

30 Itse1359-1100r-review

30.1 Table of contents

30.4 Question 1

30.5 Question 2

30.6 Question 3

30.7 Question 4

30.8 Question 5

30.9 Question 6

30.10 Question 7

30.11 Question 8

30.12 Question 9

30.13 Question 10

30.14 Question 11

30.15 Question 12

30.16 Question 13

30.17 Figure index

30.18 Listing index

30.20 Answer 13

30.21 Answer 12

30.22 Answer 11

30.23 Answer 10

30.33 Miscellaneous

31 Itse1359-1110-nested tuples

32 Itse1359-1110r-review

33 Itse1359-1120-empty and single-item tuples

33.1 Table of contents

33.3 Viewing tip

33.6 Introduction

33.7 What is a tuple ?

33.8 Sample Program

33.9 Empty, single-item, and nested tuples

33.10 An empty tuple

33.11 A tuple with only one element

33.12 Nested tuples

33.13 Doubly-nested tuples

33.14 Complete program listing

33.15 Visualization of the tuples

33.16 Run the program

33.17 Miscellaneous

34 Itse1359-1120r-review

34.1 Table of contents

34.4 Question 1

34.5 Question 2

34.6 Question 3

34.7 Question 4

34.8 Question 5

34.9 Figure index

34.16 Miscellaneous

35 Itse1359-1130-unpacking tuples

35.1 Table of contents

35.3 Viewing tip

35.6 Introduction

35.7 What is a tuple ?

35.8 Sample program

35.9 Program to unpack a tuple

35.10 Tuples can be concatenated

35.11 Unusual syntax

35.12 Packing and unpacking a tuple

35.13 Unpack the tuple into the mutable list

35.14 Complete program listing

35.15 Visualization of the tuples in the program

35.16 Run the program

35.17 Miscellaneous

36 Itse1359-1130r-review

Itse1359-1210-the while loop

1 Itse1359-1210r-review

2 Itse1359-1220-operators

3 Itse1359-1220r-review

4 Itse1359-1230-the if statement

5 Itse1359-1230r-review

6 Itse1359-1240-the for loop

7 Itse1359-1240r-review

8 Itse1359-1250-nested loops

9 Itse1359-1250r-review

10 Itse1359-1260-loop modifiers

11 Itse1359-1260r-review

12 Itse1359-1270-functions

12.1 Table of contents

12.3 What you have learned

12.4 What you will learn

12.5 Viewing tip

12.8 General background information

12.9 Discussion and sample code

12.10 Visualizing a simple function

12.11 Run the program

12.12 Miscellaneous

13 Itse1359-1270r-review

14 Itse1359-1280-function arguments

15 Itse1359-1280r-review

Classes and objects

Itse1359-1410-overview of python classes

0.1 Table of contents

0.3 What you have learned

0.4 What you will learn

0.5 Viewing tip

0.9 General background information

0.10 A class definition is a blueprint for objects

0.11 Three important OOP concepts

0.12 What is an Object-Oriented Program ?

0.13 What is an object ?

0.14 What is encapsulation ?

0.15 Discussion and sample code

0.16 A real-world analogy -- a car radio

0.17 The ability to store data

0.18 The user interface

0.19 Modifying the stored data

0.20 Responding to a message

0.22 Persistence

0.24 Sending a message

0.25 Calling a method

0.26 Setter methods and getter methods

0.27 Behavior of an object

0.28 Where do objects come from ?

0.29 A python class definition is a set of plans

0.30 An instance of a class

0.31 To instantiate an object

0.32 Program code

0.33 Manufacture a three-button radio

0.34 Scan for available stations

0.35 Program the buttons on radio01

0.36 Play the three programmed stations

0.37 Manufacture another 3-button radio

0.38 The class named Radio

0.39 A class variable named stations

0.40 The __init__ method

0.41 The word self

0.42 Three more methods

0.43 The scan method

0.44 The setStationNumber method

0.45 The playStation method

0.46 Visualizing a class definition

0.47 Run the program

0.48 Complete program listing

0.49 Miscellaneous

1 Itse1359-1410r-review

2 Itse1359-1420-understanding self

3 Itse1359-1420r-review

4 Itse1359-1430-instance variables

5 Itse1359-1430r-review

6 Itse1359-1440-class variables

6.1 Table of contents

6.3 What you have learned

6.4 What you will learn

6.5 Viewing tip

6.8 General background information

6.9 Discussion and sample code

6.10 Late modification of class

6.11 A simple class definition

6.12 Instantiate and display two objects

6.13 Add a class variable directly

6.14 Add a class variable via an object

6.15 Display both class variables via one object

6.16 Display both class variables via the other object

6.17 Typical class variable usage

6.18 The class definition

6.19 Instantiate two objects from the class

6.20 Modify class variable using object

6.21 Modify the class variable using the class name

6.22 A word of caution is in order

6.23 Shadowing or hiding a class variable

6.24 Class definition with a shadowing method

6.25 Instantiate and display classVar in two objects

6.26 Modify classVar in one object

6.27 Modify the contents of the class variable

6.28 Run the programs

6.29 Visualize the programs

6.30 Complete program listings

6.31 Miscellaneous

7 Itse1359-1440r-review

8 Itse1359-1450-inheritance

9 Itse1359-1450r-review

10 Itse1359-1460-turtle graphics

File input-output

Itse1359-1510-reading and writing text files

1 Itse1359-1510r-review

Gui programming

Itse1359-1610-gui programming

Source: OpenStax, Itse 1359 introduction to scripting languages: python. OpenStax CNX. Jan 22, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11713/1.32

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