Genetics and evolution

OpenStax

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Biological molecules

0.2 Carbon bonding

0.3 Carbohydrates

0.5 Steroids and waxes

0.7 Protein structure

0.8 Nucleic acids

0.9 Dna double-helical structure

0.10 Section summary

1 The cell membrane

2 Cell structures

2.1 Organelles of the endomembrane system

2.2 Endoplasmic reticulum

2.3 The golgi apparatus

2.5 Organelles for energy production and detoxification

2.6 Mitochondria

2.7 Peroxisomes

2.8 The cytoskeleton

2.9 Chapter review

2.10 Interactive link questions

2.11 References

3 Protein structure

4.1 Enzyme active site and substrate specificity

4.2 Induced fit and enzyme function

4.3 Control of metabolism through enzyme regulation

4.4 Regulation of enzymes by molecules

4.5 Enzyme compartmentalization

4.6 Feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways

4.7 Section summary

5 Dna structure

6 Dna replication

7 Cell cycle and mitosis

8 Transcription

10 Introduction to cell signalling

11 Signaling molecules and cellular receptors

12 Propagation of the signal

12.1 Binding initiates a signaling pathway

12.2 Methods of intracellular signaling

12.3 Phosphorylation

12.4 Second messengers

12.5 Section summary

12.6 Art connections

13 Response to the signal

14 Regulation of gene expression

14.1 Prokaryotic versus eukaryotic gene expression

14.2 Section summary

16.1 Interphase

16.3 Meiosis ii

17 Errors in meiosis

17.1 Disorders in chromosome number

17.2 Nondisjunctions, duplications, and deletions

17.3 Chromosome structural rearrangements

17.4 Section summary

18 Embryonic development

18.1 Pre-implantation embryonic development

18.2 Implantation

18.3 Embryonic membranes

18.4 Embryogenesis

18.5 Development of the placenta

18.6 Organogenesis

18.7 Chapter review

18.8 Interactive link questions

19 An overview of stem cells

20 Characteristics and traits

20.1 Phenotypes and genotypes

20.2 Dominant and recessive alleles

20.3 The punnett square approach for a monohybrid cross

20.4 The test cross distinguishes the dominant phenotype

20.5 Alternatives to dominance and recessiveness

20.6 Incomplete dominance

20.7 Codominance

20.8 Multiple alleles

20.9 X-linked traits

20.10 Human sex-linked disorders

20.11 Lethality

20.12 Section summary

20.13 Art connections

21 Laws of inheritance

21.1 Pairs of unit factors, or genes

21.2 Alleles can be dominant or recessive

21.3 Equal segregation of alleles

21.4 Independent assortment

21.5 Forked-line method

21.6 Probability method

21.7 Rules for multihybrid fertilization

21.8 Linked genes violate the law of independent assortment

21.10 Section summary

21.11 Art connections

22 Genetic linkage

22.1 Chromosomal theory of inheritance

22.2 Genetic linkage and distances

22.3 Homologous recombination

22.4 Genetic maps

22.5 Mendel’s mapped traits

22.6 Section summary

22.7 Art connections

23 Eukaryotic epigenetic gene regulation

23.1 Epigenetic control: regulating access to genes within the chromosome

23.2 Section summary

23.3 Art connections

24 Mechanisms of evolution

25.1 Stabilizing selection

25.2 Directional selection

25.3 Diversifying selection

25.4 Frequency-dependent selection

25.5 Sexual selection

25.6 No perfect organism

25.7 Section summary

25.8 Art connection

26 Formation of new species

26.1 Species and the ability to reproduce

26.2 Speciation

26.3 Allopatric speciation

26.4 Adaptive radiation

26.5 Sympatric speciation

26.6 Reproductive isolation

26.7 Habitat influence on speciation

26.8 Section summary

26.9 Art connections

27 Determining evolutionary relationships

28 Evidence of evolution

29 The evolution of primates

29.1 Characteristics of primates

29.2 Evolution of primates

29.3 Human evolution

29.4 Very early hominins

29.5 Early hominins: genus Australopithecus

29.6 A dead end: genus Paranthropus

29.7 Early hominins: genus Homo

29.8 Humans: Homo sapiens

29.9 Section summary

30 Biotechnology

Source: OpenStax, Genetics and evolution. OpenStax CNX. Aug 07, 2014 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11595/1.2

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