Accessible physics concepts for blind students

OpenStax

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Phy1000: introduction to accessible physics concepts

0.1 Table of contents

0.4 Impetus for this collection of modules

0.5 Prerequisite requirements

0.6 Supplemental material

0.9 Using a graph board

0.10 Using a protractor

0.11 JavaScript programming

0.12 Trigonometry

0.13 Pictures and diagrams

0.14 Greek characters

0.16 Miscellaneous

1 Phy1002: if you can imagine it, you can draw it using svg

1.1 Table of contents

1.4 Prerequisites

1.5 Viewing tip

1.8 Supplemental material

1.10 Creation of tactile graphics

1.11 What is SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) ?

1.12 What does this mean to you?

1.13 Sample drawing

1.14 Two approaches

1.15 Writing raw SVG code

1.16 Using drawing tools

1.17 Sample program

1.18 Beginning of the program named Svg21a.java

1.19 Create a drawing canvas

1.20 Draw a rectangular border on the canvas

1.21 Draw the floor and the wall

1.22 Draw more rectangles

1.23 Draw a polygon

1.24 Draw the rectangular pulley support

1.25 Draw a circle

1.26 Draw more lines

1.27 Change line thicknesses

1.29 Write the output file

1.30 The remaining Java code

1.31 The SVG graphics library

1.32 Another sample program

1.33 Writing, compiling, and running Java programs

1.34 Writing Java code

1.35 Preparing to compile and run Java code

1.36 The java development kit (JDK)

1.37 JDOM version 1.1.1

1.38 Compiling and running Java code

1.40 Complete program listings

1.41 Miscellaneous

2 Phy1004: manual creation of tactile graphics

2.1 Table of contents

2.4 Prerequisites

2.5 Viewing tip

2.7 Supplemental material

2.9 Scalable vector graphics

2.10 Download the svg file

2.11 The need for graphics in physics

2.12 A range of options

2.13 Manual embossing

2.15 Miscellaneous

3 Phy1006: a small-scale demonstration of the iveo learning system

3.1 Table of contents

3.4 Prerequisites

3.5 Viewing tip

3.8 Supplemental material

3.10 Creation of tactile graphics

3.11 What is the IVEO Hands-on-Learning System ?

3.12 A disclaimer

3.13 A description by the manufacturer

3.14 The component parts

3.15 Brief operational description

3.16 A program to create a drawing

3.17 Instructions

3.18 Acquire a USB digitizer tablet

3.19 Create the SVG file

3.20 Install Inkscape

3.21 Print a mirror image

3.22 Manually emboss the image

3.23 Load the SVG file into the IVEO Viewer

3.24 Explore the image with your fingers

3.25 Tactile, audio, and visual information

3.27 Complete program listings

3.28 Miscellaneous

4 Phy1010: javascript

4.1 Table of contents

4.4 Prerequisites

4.5 Viewing tip

4.8 Supplemental material

4.9 General background information

4.10 Discussion

4.11 Why I chose JavaScript

4.12 Facilities required

4.13 A minimal JavaScript script

4.15 Screen output

4.16 Structured programming

4.18 Arithmetic operators

4.21 Relational and logical operators

4.23 The string concatenation operator

4.24 Repetition

4.25 Programming errors

4.26 Assistance using Google Chrome

4.27 Assistance using Firefox

4.28 Run the scripts

4.30 Miscellaneous

5 Phy1020: brief trigonometry tutorial

6 Phy1030: scale factors, ratios, and proportions

7 Phy1040: scientific notation and significant figures

8 Phy1050: units and dimensional analysis

8.1 Table of contents

8.4 Prerequisites

8.5 Viewing tip

8.8 Supplemental material

8.9 General background information

8.10 Formatting mathematical expressions

8.11 What do we mean by units?

8.13 Prefixes for powers of ten

8.14 Dimensional analysis

8.15 Discussion and sample code

8.16 Exercise on manually converting units

8.17 Using JavaScript to convert units

8.18 More substantive JavaScript examples

8.19 Free fall exercise

8.20 A plotting exercise

8.21 Non-mirror-image graphics

8.22 Run the scripts

8.24 Miscellaneous

9 Phy1060: motion -- displacement and vectors

9.1 Table of contents

9.4 Prerequisites

9.5 Viewing tip

9.8 Supplemental material

9.9 General background information

9.10 Discussion and sample code

9.11 Creation of tactile graphics

9.12 Displacement

9.13 Addition and subtraction of vectors

9.14 Mathematical solutions

9.15 Using the Math.atan method

9.16 Mathematical solution to an earlier problem

9.17 Subtracting vectors

9.18 Adding more than two vectors

9.19 Non-mirror-image graphics

9.20 Run the scripts

9.22 Miscellaneous

10 Phy1070: motion -- uniform and relative velocity

10.1 Table of contents

10.4 Prerequisites

10.5 Viewing tip

10.8 Supplemental material

10.9 General background information

10.10 Discussion and sample code

10.11 Creation of tactile graphics

10.12 A simple exercise on uniform velocity

10.13 An exercise on average velocity

10.14 Multiple concurrent velocities

10.15 Exercise #1 for a man on a train

10.16 Exercise #2 for a man on a train

10.17 An exercise with three vectors in a plane

10.18 Non-mirror-image graphics

10.19 Run the scripts

10.20 Resources

10.21 Miscellaneous

11 Phy1080: motion -- variable velocity and acceleration

11.1 Table of contents

11.4 Prerequisites

11.5 Viewing tip

11.8 Supplemental material

11.9 General background information

11.10 Variable velocity

11.11 Acceleration

11.12 The acceleration of gravity

11.13 Discussion and sample code

11.14 Creation of tactile graphics

11.15 Variable velocity exercise #1

11.16 Variable velocity exercise #2

11.17 Acceleration of gravity exercise #1

11.18 Acceleration of gravity exercise #2

11.19 Acceleration of gravity exercise #3

11.20 Other useful equations

11.21 Exercise to find the velocity

11.22 Exercise to find the height

11.23 Run the scripts

11.24 Resources

11.25 Miscellaneous

12 Phy1090: force -- introduction to statics, equilibrium, and forces

12.1 Table of contents

12.4 Prerequisites

12.5 Supplemental material

12.6 General background information

12.7 A real-world example of force and equilibrium

12.8 Other examples of force

12.10 Miscellaneous

13 Phy1100: force -- vector solutions for coplanar forces concurrent at a

13.1 Table of contents

13.4 Prerequisites

13.5 Viewing tip

13.8 Supplemental material

13.9 General background information

13.10 Creation of tactile graphics

13.11 The law of sines

13.12 The law of cosines

13.13 Discussion and sample code

13.14 Using the graph board

13.15 Parallelogram of forces

13.16 Triangle of forces

13.17 Trigonometric solution to the triangle of forces

13.18 Using components to analyze for equilibrium

13.19 Run the scripts

13.20 Resources

13.21 Miscellaneous

14 Phy1110: force -- moments, torque, couple, and equilibrium

14.1 Table of contents

14.4 Prerequisites

14.5 Viewing tip

14.7 Supplemental material

14.8 General background information

14.9 Discussion and sample code

14.10 Conditions for equilibrium

14.11 Equilibrium for a body with an arbitrary shape

14.12 A spring balance or spring scale

14.13 Exercise relating pound-force to kilogram-force

14.14 Exercise involving a trapeze bar

14.15 A more general case of the trapeze bar

14.16 Apply the weight at different locations on the trapeze

14.17 Hypothetical replacement by a single upward force

14.18 Exercise involving a bar supported at only one point

14.20 Complete the exercises

14.21 Resources

14.22 Miscellaneous

15 Phy1120: force -- center of gravity

15.1 Table of contents

15.4 Prerequisites

15.5 Viewing tip

15.7 Supplemental material

15.8 General background information

15.9 Discussion and computations

15.10 Creation of tactile graphics

15.11 Equilibrium: stable, unstable, and neutral

15.12 An exercise involving the tipping point

15.13 A real-world example

15.14 Do the computations

15.15 Resources

15.16 Miscellaneous

16 Phy1140: force and motion -- introduction

16.1 Table of contents

16.4 Prerequisites

16.5 Supplemental material

16.6 Discussion

16.7 Aristotle's contribution, or lack thereof

16.8 Galileo's contribution

16.9 Newton's contribution

16.10 Three laws of motion

16.14 Mass, momentum, force, and acceleration

16.15 Resources

16.16 Miscellaneous

17 Phy1150: force and motion -- units of force

17.1 Table of contents

17.4 Prerequisites

17.5 Viewing tip

17.7 Supplemental material

17.8 Background information

17.9 Creation of tactile graphics

17.10 Things can be confusing

17.11 SI units and the newton

17.12 A practical example using the Google calculator

17.13 Other units

17.16 Acceleration of gravity

17.17 pound-force

17.18 gram-force

17.19 kilogram-force

17.20 Weight is a force

17.21 Sample problems

17.22 A static scenario

17.23 First dynamic scenario

17.24 Second dynamic scenario

17.25 Third dynamic scenario

17.26 Do the calculations

17.27 Resources

17.28 Miscellaneous

18 Phy1160: force and motion -- momentum, impulse, and conservation of

18.1 Table of contents

18.4 Prerequisites

18.5 Viewing tip

18.8 Supplemental material

18.9 Discussion

18.10 Newton's cradle

18.13 The physics of collisions

18.14 Action and reaction

18.15 Conservation of momentum

18.16 Center of mass

18.17 Location of the center of mass

18.18 Motion of the center of mass

18.19 Example scenarios

18.20 Momentum examples

18.21 A sprinter

18.23 Change in momentum due to change in speed and direction

18.24 Change in momentum due to change in speed only

18.25 Change in momentum due to change in direction only

18.26 Impulse examples

18.27 Pushing a wagon part 1

18.28 Pushing a wagon part 2

18.29 Pushing a wagon part 3

18.30 Action and reaction example

18.31 Conservation of momentum example

18.32 Center of mass examples

18.33 Two objects

18.34 Three objects

18.35 Do the calculations

18.36 Resources

18.37 Miscellaneous

19 Phy1170: energy -- work

19.1 Table of contents

19.4 Prerequisites

19.5 Supplemental material

19.6 General background information

19.7 An assumption of constant velocity

19.8 Use your graph board for sketches

19.9 Work in everyday life

19.10 Work in physics

19.11 Sample calculations

19.12 Single force on a body

19.13 Multiple forces on a body

19.14 Force parallel to a ramp

19.15 Do the calculations

19.16 Resources

19.17 Miscellaneous

20 Phy1180: energy -- potential energy

20.1 Table of contents

20.4 Prerequisites

20.5 Supplemental material

20.6 General background information

20.7 Graphic examples of potential energy

20.8 Potential energy

20.9 Gravitational potential energy

20.10 Elastic potential energy

20.12 Sample Calculations

20.13 Do the calculations

20.14 Resources

20.15 Miscellaneous

21 Phy1190: energy -- kinetic and mechanical energy

21.1 Table of contents

21.4 Prerequisites

21.5 Supplemental material

21.6 General background information

21.7 Kinetic energy

21.8 Mechanical energy

21.9 Total mechanical energy

21.10 Sample calculations

21.11 Kinetic energy

21.12 Mechanical energy

21.13 Do the calculations

21.14 Resources

21.15 Miscellaneous

22 Phy1200: energy -- power

23 Phy1210: energy -- internal and external forces

24 Phy1215: energy -- elastic and inelastic collisions in two dimensions

24.1 Table of contents

24.4 Prerequisites

24.5 Viewing tip

24.8 Supplemental material

24.9 Discussion

24.10 Example scenarios

24.11 One-dimensional scenarios

24.12 The rear end car crash

24.13 A perfectly inelastic car crash

24.14 Two-dimensional scenarios

24.15 Elastic collision between two pucks on friction-free ice

24.16 Perfectly inelastic collision between objects with odd angles

24.17 Rotating the axes for simplification

24.18 Run the scripts

24.19 Resources

24.20 Miscellaneous

25 Phy1220: relationships among kinematics, newton's laws, vectors, 2d

25.1 Table of contents

25.4 Prerequisites

25.5 Supplemental material

25.6 Discussion

25.7 An ideal rocket example

25.12 Do the calculations

25.13 Resources

25.14 Miscellaneous

26 Phy1230: vector subtraction

26.1 Table of contents

26.4 Prerequisites

26.5 Viewing tip

26.8 Supplemental material

26.9 Discussion

26.10 Examples of vector subtraction

26.11 The parallelogram method

26.12 Angles, approaches, and vector naming convention

26.13 Trigonometric solutions

26.14 Orthogonal vectors

26.15 Graphical solution for Cs=B+A

26.16 Graphical solution for Dd=B-A

26.17 Trigonometric solution for Cs=B+A and Dd=B-A

26.18 Same magnitude, 45-degree angle

26.19 Graphical solutions for sum and difference vectors

26.20 Sum and difference for smaller and smaller angles

26.21 Run the script

26.22 Resources

26.23 Miscellaneous

27 Phy1240: circular motion -- speed and velocity

27.1 Table of contents

27.4 Prerequisites

27.5 Supplemental material

27.6 Discussion

27.7 Uniform circular motion

27.8 Average speed

27.10 A thought experiment

27.11 Resources

27.12 Miscellaneous

28 Phy1250: circular motion -- acceleration and centripetal force

29 Phy1260: circular motion -- the mathematics of circular motion

29.1 Table of contents

29.4 Prerequisites

29.5 Supplemental material

29.6 Discussion

29.7 Angular displacement and angular velocity

29.8 Angular displacement

29.9 Angular velocity

29.10 Radian measure

29.11 Tangential displacement versus angular displacement

29.12 Tangential speed versus angular velocity

29.13 The relationship between period and frequency

29.14 The relationship between angular velocity and frequency

29.15 Radial (centripetal) acceleration

29.16 Example scenarios

29.17 Circumference of the Earth at the equator

29.18 Speed of a point on the equator

29.19 Solution A

29.20 Solution B

29.21 Period and frequency

29.22 Radial acceleration

29.23 Work through the examples

29.24 Resources

29.25 Miscellaneous

30 Phy1300: angular momentum -- rotational kinetic energy and inertia

30.1 Table of contents

30.4 Prerequisites

30.5 Viewing tip

30.6 Facts worth remembering

30.7 Supplemental material

30.8 Discussion

30.9 Introduction

30.10 Calculating rotational kinetic energy

30.11 The rotational inertia (I)

30.12 Mass is no longer absolute

30.13 The parallel axis theorem

30.14 Examples of rotational inertia

30.15 Example scenarios

30.16 The 2x4 scenario

30.17 The dumbbell scenario

30.18 A pulley and two objects, part 1

30.19 A pulley and two objects, part 2

30.20 A pulley and two objects, part 3

30.21 A pulley and two objects, part 4

30.22 A pulley and two objects, part 5

30.23 An Atwood machine

30.24 A flywheel

30.25 What have we learned?

30.26 Work through the examples

30.27 Resources

30.28 Miscellaneous

31 Phy1310: vector multiplication

31.1 Table of contents

31.4 Prerequisites

31.5 Viewing tip

31.7 Supplemental material

31.8 Discussion

31.9 Dot product, inner product, or scalar product

31.10 Background

31.11 Create a vector diagram on your graph board

31.12 The dot product

31.13 The projection of A onto B

31.14 Compute the projection

31.15 Compute the angle between the vectors

31.16 Perpendicular or parallel vectors

31.17 Summary for vector dot product

31.18 Cross product

31.19 Background

31.20 The right-hand rule

31.21 Create a vector diagram on your graph board

31.22 The cross product

31.23 The area of the parallelogram

31.24 The direction of the resultant vector

31.25 Perpendicular or parallel vectors

31.26 Summary for vector cross product

31.27 Repeat the computations

31.28 Resources

31.29 Miscellaneous

32 Phy1320: angular momentum -- the mathematics of torque

32.1 Table of contents

32.4 Prerequisites

32.5 Viewing tip

32.7 Supplemental material

32.8 Discussion

32.9 A review of rotational kinematics

32.10 Torque from a mathematical viewpoint

32.11 Torque from an anecdotal viewpoint

32.12 A graph board exercise on torq ue

32.13 Example scenarios

32.14 Net torque on the Lazy Susan turntable

32.15 A door-closing scenario

32.16 Torque and the moment of inertia

32.17 Repeat the computations

32.18 Resources

32.19 Miscellaneous

33 Phy1330: angular momentum -- torque, work and energy

33.1 Table of contents

33.4 Prerequisites

33.5 Viewing tip

33.7 Supplemental material

33.8 Discussion

33.9 Constant torque

33.10 Variable torque

33.11 Example scenario

33.14 Do the computations

33.15 Resources

33.16 Miscellaneous

34 Phy1340: angular momentum -- rotational equilibrium

34.1 Table of contents

34.4 Prerequisites

34.5 Supplemental material

34.6 Discussion

34.7 Example scenarios

34.8 Weights hanging on a beam

34.11 Beam supported by a diagonal cable

34.15 A crane scenario

34.19 Sliding a crate

34.22 Another crane scenario

34.26 A ladder scenario

34.29 Repeat the computations

34.30 Resources

34.31 Miscellaneous

35 Phy1350: angular momentum -- the physics of rolling objects

35.1 Table of contents

35.4 Prerequisites

35.5 Viewing tip

35.7 Supplemental material

35.8 Discussion

35.9 Rotational versus translational kinetic energy

35.10 Total kinetic energy

35.11 Acceleration of a rolling object

35.12 Example scenarios

35.13 Rolling cylinders

35.16 Acceleration of a rolling cylinder

35.17 Work through the computations

35.18 Resources

35.19 Miscellaneous

Source: OpenStax, Accessible physics concepts for blind students. OpenStax CNX. Oct 02, 2015 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11294/1.36

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