# 13.3 Shifting equilibria: le châtelier’s principle  (Page 2/10)

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${\text{H}}_{2}\left(g\right)+{\text{I}}_{2}\left(g\right)⇌2\text{HI}\left(g\right)\phantom{\rule{5em}{0ex}}{K}_{c}=50.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{at}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}400\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{°C}$

The numeric values for this example have been determined experimentally. A mixture of gases at 400 °C with [H 2 ] = [I 2 ] = 0.221 M and [HI] = 1.563 M is at equilibrium; for this mixture, Q c = K c = 50.0. If H 2 is introduced into the system so quickly that its concentration doubles before it begins to react (new [H 2 ] = 0.442 M ), the reaction will shift so that a new equilibrium is reached, at which [H 2 ] = 0.374 M , [I 2 ] = 0.153 M , and [HI] = 1.692 M . This gives:

${Q}_{c}=\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{\left[\text{HI}\right]}^{2}}{\left[{\text{H}}_{2}\right]\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left[{\text{I}}_{2}\right]}=\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{\left(1.692\right)}^{2}}{\left(0.374\right)\left(0.153\right)}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}=50.0={K}_{c}$

We have stressed this system by introducing additional H 2 . The stress is relieved when the reaction shifts to the right, using up some (but not all) of the excess H 2 , reducing the amount of uncombined I 2 , and forming additional HI.

## Effect of change in pressure on equilibrium

Sometimes we can change the position of equilibrium by changing the pressure of a system. However, changes in pressure have a measurable effect only in systems in which gases are involved, and then only when the chemical reaction produces a change in the total number of gas molecules in the system. An easy way to recognize such a system is to look for different numbers of moles of gas on the reactant and product sides of the equilibrium. While evaluating pressure (as well as related factors like volume), it is important to remember that equilibrium constants are defined with regard to concentration (for K c ) or partial pressure (for K P ). Some changes to total pressure, like adding an inert gas that is not part of the equilibrium, will change the total pressure but not the partial pressures of the gases in the equilibrium constant expression. Thus, addition of a gas not involved in the equilibrium will not perturb the equilibrium.

As we increase the pressure of a gaseous system at equilibrium, either by decreasing the volume of the system or by adding more of one of the components of the equilibrium mixture, we introduce a stress by increasing the partial pressures of one or more of the components. In accordance with Le Châtelier's principle, a shift in the equilibrium that reduces the total number of molecules per unit of volume will be favored because this relieves the stress. The reverse reaction would be favored by a decrease in pressure.

Consider what happens when we increase the pressure on a system in which NO, O 2 , and NO 2 are at equilibrium:

$2\text{NO}\left(g\right)+{\text{O}}_{2}\left(g\right)⇌2{\text{NO}}_{2}\left(g\right)$

The formation of additional amounts of NO 2 decreases the total number of molecules in the system because each time two molecules of NO 2 form, a total of three molecules of NO and O 2 are consumed. This reduces the total pressure exerted by the system and reduces, but does not completely relieve, the stress of the increased pressure. On the other hand, a decrease in the pressure on the system favors decomposition of NO 2 into NO and O 2 , which tends to restore the pressure.

Now consider this reaction:

${\text{N}}_{2}\left(g\right)+{\text{O}}_{2}\left(g\right)⇌2\text{NO}\left(g\right)$

What is a mole?
pls give me 3 type of transition metal
Copper, Scandium, Vanadium, Iron, Chromium, Cobalt
Jumaane-Kalif
ion zinc hydrogen
Abdul
that is not true
Jumaane-Kalif
stop posting foolishness
Jumaane-Kalif
how do I name compounds
depends on the compound. as you may know there's transition metal compounds and there's organic compounds and so on and so forth.
Jumaane-Kalif
what is electricity
electricity refers to the flow electrons
John
Hi. please can you tell me more on chemical equation
When 1 or 2 chemicals react, they rearrange their atomic composition forming new compounds. The total mass before and after is the same/ constant. Chemical equations of same reactants react in same ratios e.g. 1 Na ion reacts with 1 water molecule or a multipier like 1 mole of Na ions react with 1
Abdelkarim
Mole of water molecules. In that example we multipied by 6.02*10^23 or avogadro constant (L). Or 2 Na+ ions with two water molecules. The arrow means '' to form '' Some times conditions or reactants are written above the arrow like H+ or enzyme or temper, sometimes physical states are written
Abdelkarim
Beside the chemical Aqueous (aq) which means solute dissolved on water. Solid (s) etc Some chemical equations are written next to it ΔH= # which means enthalpy change which describes if the reaction is endothermic (+) or exothermic (-).
Abdelkarim
Some are reversible and have half double arrow sign.
Abdelkarim
what is the meaning of atoma
what is theory
what is chemical compound
Lorrita
A compound is the result of chemical bonding between 2 or more different elements.
Abdelkarim
Why is an atom electrically neutral?
Clara
difference between Amine and amide
what is the difference between alkanal and alkanone
difference between alkanol and alkanal
Michael
whaatt
Saturday
you are not well at all
Ibrahim
is organic compounds used for drying agent
Sulfuric acid is used as a drying agent.
Abdelkarim
what is an atom
An atom is the smallest part of an element, for instance gold atoms are the smallest part of gold that can enter a reaction. An atom must consist protons and electrons of equal number. You can think of those subatomic particles as spheres, but not orbiting randomly they move in specific way in
Abdelkarim
That was partially described mathematically. As a muslim, we believe that god created all matter from nothing. He is the Able, and only who can create matter in the begging in the big bang that was described in the Quran in chapter 17 verse 30, 1400 years ago, you can read it from internet.
Abdelkarim
what is electron affinity
John
do you have a private jet
Ibrahim
what is acid
Proton donor (H+). Like in lemons, oranges and some medicines.
Abdelkarim
what is titration? and how can i get my readings?
what is electrolysis?
what is the formula you use when calculating for gas law?
favor
PV=nrt
Farid
electro-means electricity while lysis-means splitting up so electrolysis simply means splitting up by means of electric current
John
good day. how may I see previous question asked in this chat, please?
Asha
Asha, A person named Favor asked what is meant by the term electrolysis
John
what is a sample
According to google, a speciemen taken for specific testing or analysis.
Abdelkarim