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| 1. | alkaloid | substance, usually from a plant source, that is chemically basic with respect to pH and will stimulate bitter receptors |
| 2. | amacrine cell | type of cell in the retina that connects to the bipolar cells near the outer synaptic layer and provides the basis for early image processing within the retina |
| 3. | ampulla | in the ear, the structure at the base of a semicircular canal that contains the hair cells and cupula for transduction of rotational movement of the head |
| 4. | anosmia | loss of the sense of smell; usually the result of physical disruption of the first cranial nerve |
| 5. | anterior corticospinal tract | division of the corticospinal pathway that travels through the ventral (anterior) column of the spinal cord and controls axial musculature through the medial motor neurons in the ventral (anterior) horn |
| 6. | aqueous humor | watery fluid that fills the anterior chamber containing the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens of the eye |
| 7. | ascending pathway | fiber structure that relays sensory information from the periphery through the spinal cord and brain stem to other structures of the brain |
| 8. | association area | region of cortex connected to a primary sensory cortical area that further processes the information to generate more complex sensory perceptions |
| 9. | audition | sense of hearing |
| 10. | auricle | fleshy external structure of the ear |
| 11. | Betz cells | output cells of the primary motor cortex that cause musculature to move through synapses on cranial and spinal motor neurons |
| 12. | Broca's area | region of the frontal lobe associated with the motor commands necessary for speech production |
| 13. | basilar membrane | in the ear, the floor of the cochlear duct on which the organ of Corti sits |
| 14. | binocular depth cues | indications of the distance of visual stimuli on the basis of slight differences in the images projected onto either retina |
| 15. | bipolar cell | cell type in the retina that connects the photoreceptors to the RGCs |
| 16. | capsaicin | molecule that activates nociceptors by interacting with a temperature-sensitive ion channel and is the basis for "hot" sensations in spicy food |
| 17. | cerebral peduncles | segments of the descending motor pathway that make up the white matter of the ventral midbrain |
| 18. | cervical enlargement | region of the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord that has a larger population of motor neurons for the greater number of and finer control of muscles of the upper limb |
| 19. | chemoreceptor | sensory receptor cell that is sensitive to chemical stimuli, such as in taste, smell, or pain |
| 20. | chief sensory nucleus | component of the trigeminal nuclei that is found in the pons |
| 21. | choroid | highly vascular tissue in the wall of the eye that supplies the outer retina with blood |
| 22. | ciliary body | smooth muscle structure on the interior surface of the iris that controls the shape of the lens through the zonule fibers |
| 23. | circadian rhythm | internal perception of the daily cycle of light and dark based on retinal activity related to sunlight |
| 24. | cochlea | auditory portion of the inner ear containing structures to transduce sound stimuli |
| 25. | cochlear duct | space within the auditory portion of the inner ear that contains the organ of Corti and is adjacent to the scala tympani and scala vestibuli on either side |
| 26. | cone photoreceptor | one of the two types of retinal receptor cell that is specialized for color vision through the use of three photopigments distributed through three separate populations of cells |
| 27. | contralateral | word meaning "on the opposite side," as in axons that cross the midline in a fiber tract |
| 28. | cornea | fibrous covering of the anterior region of the eye that is transparent so that light can pass through it |
| 29. | corneal reflex | protective response to stimulation of the cornea causing contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle resulting in blinking of the eye |
| 30. | corticobulbar tract | connection between the cortex and the brain stem responsible for generating movement |
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