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| 1. | acclimatization | process of adjustment that the respiratory system makes due to chronic exposure to high altitudes |
| 2. | acute mountain sickness | (AMS) condition that occurs a result of acute exposure to high altitude due to a low partial pressure of oxygen |
| 3. | ala | (plural: alae) small, flaring structure of a nostril that forms the lateral side of the nares |
| 4. | alar cartilage | cartilage that supports the apex of the nose and helps shape the nares; it is connected to the septal cartilage and connective tissue of the alae |
| 5. | alveolar dead space | air space within alveoli that are unable to participate in gas exchange |
| 6. | alveolar duct | small tube that leads from the terminal bronchiole to the respiratory bronchiole and is the point of attachment for alveoli |
| 7. | alveolar macrophage | immune system cell of the alveolus that removes debris and pathogens |
| 8. | alveolar pore | opening that allows airflow between neighboring alveoli |
| 9. | alveolar sac | cluster of alveoli |
| 10. | alveolus | small, grape-like sac that performs gas exchange in the lungs |
| 11. | anatomical dead space | air space present in the airway that never reaches the alveoli and therefore never participates in gas exchange |
| 12. | apex | tip of the external nose |
| 13. | apneustic center | network of neurons within the pons that stimulate the neurons in the dorsal respiratory group; controls the depth of inspiration |
| 14. | atmospheric pressure | amount of force that is exerted by gases in the air surrounding any given surface |
| 15. | Bohr effect | relationship between blood pH and oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin |
| 16. | Boyle's law | relationship between volume and pressure as described by the formula: P1V1= P2V2 |
| 17. | bridge | portion of the external nose that lies in the area of the nasal bones |
| 18. | bronchial bud | structure in the developing embryo that forms when the laryngotracheal bud extends and branches to form two bulbous structures |
| 19. | bronchial tree | collective name for the multiple branches of the bronchi and bronchioles of the respiratory system |
| 20. | bronchiole | branch of bronchi that are 1 mm or less in diameter and terminate at alveolar sacs |
| 21. | bronchoconstriction | decrease in the size of the bronchiole due to contraction of the muscular wall |
| 22. | bronchodilation | increase in the size of the bronchiole due to contraction of the muscular wall |
| 23. | bronchus | tube connected to the trachea that branches into many subsidiaries and provides a passageway for air to enter and leave the lungs |
| 24. | carbaminohemoglobin | bound form of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide |
| 25. | carbonic anhydrase | (CA) enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that causes carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid |
| 26. | cardiac notch | indentation on the surface of the left lung that allows space for the heart |
| 27. | central chemoreceptor | one of the specialized receptors that are located in the brain that sense changes in hydrogen ion, oxygen, or carbon dioxide concentrations in the brain |
| 28. | chloride shift | facilitated diffusion that exchanges bicarbonate (HCO3-) with chloride (Cl-) ions |
| 29. | conducting zone | region of the respiratory system that includes the organs and structures that provide passageways for air and are not directly involved in gas exchange |
| 30. | cricoid cartilage | portion of the larynx composed of a ring of cartilage with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region; attached to the esophagus |
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