# 6.5 Physical applications  (Page 4/11)

 Page 4 / 11

The first thing we need to do is define a frame of reference. We let $x$ represent the vertical distance below the top of the tank. That is, we orient the $x\text{-axis}$ vertically, with the origin at the top of the tank and the downward direction being positive (see the following figure).

Using this coordinate system, the water extends from $x=2$ to $x=10.$ Therefore, we partition the interval $\left[2,\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}10\right]$ and look at the work required to lift each individual “layer” of water. So, for $i=0,1,2\text{,…},n,$ let $P=\left\{{x}_{i}\right\}$ be a regular partition of the interval $\left[2,\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}10\right],$ and for $i=1,2\text{,…},n,$ choose an arbitrary point ${x}_{i}^{*}\in \left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\right].$ [link] shows a representative layer.

In pumping problems, the force required to lift the water to the top of the tank is the force required to overcome gravity, so it is equal to the weight of the water. Given that the weight-density of water is $9800$ N/m 3 , or $62.4$ lb/ft 3 , calculating the volume of each layer gives us the weight. In this case, we have

$V=\pi {\left(4\right)}^{2}\text{Δ}x=16\pi \text{Δ}x.$

Then, the force needed to lift each layer is

$F=9800·16\pi \text{Δ}x=156,800\pi \text{Δ}x.$

Note that this step becomes a little more difficult if we have a noncylindrical tank. We look at a noncylindrical tank in the next example.

We also need to know the distance the water must be lifted. Based on our choice of coordinate systems, we can use ${x}_{i}^{*}$ as an approximation of the distance the layer must be lifted. Then the work to lift the $i\text{th}$ layer of water ${W}_{i}$ is approximately

${W}_{i}\approx 156,800\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\text{Δ}x.$

Adding the work for each layer, we see the approximate work to empty the tank is given by

$W=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{W}_{i}\approx \sum _{i=1}^{n}156,800\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\text{Δ}x.$

This is a Riemann sum, so taking the limit as $n\to \infty ,$ we get

$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill W& =\underset{n\to \infty }{\text{lim}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}156,800\pi {x}_{i}^{*}\text{Δ}x\hfill \\ & =156,800\pi {\int }_{2}^{10}xdx\hfill \\ & =156,800\pi {\left[\frac{{x}^{2}}{2}\right]\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}|}_{2}^{10}=7,526,400\pi \approx 23,644,883.\hfill \end{array}$

The work required to empty the tank is approximately 23,650,000 J.

For pumping problems, the calculations vary depending on the shape of the tank or container. The following problem-solving strategy lays out a step-by-step process for solving pumping problems.

## Problem-solving strategy: solving pumping problems

1. Sketch a picture of the tank and select an appropriate frame of reference.
2. Calculate the volume of a representative layer of water.
3. Multiply the volume by the weight-density of water to get the force.
4. Calculate the distance the layer of water must be lifted.
5. Multiply the force and distance to get an estimate of the work needed to lift the layer of water.
6. Sum the work required to lift all the layers. This expression is an estimate of the work required to pump out the desired amount of water, and it is in the form of a Riemann sum.
7. Take the limit as $n\to \infty$ and evaluate the resulting integral to get the exact work required to pump out the desired amount of water.

We now apply this problem-solving strategy in an example with a noncylindrical tank.

## A pumping problem with a noncylindrical tank

Assume a tank in the shape of an inverted cone, with height $12$ ft and base radius $4$ ft. The tank is full to start with, and water is pumped over the upper edge of the tank until the height of the water remaining in the tank is $4$ ft. How much work is required to pump out that amount of water?

The tank is depicted in [link] . As we did in the example with the cylindrical tank, we orient the $x\text{-axis}$ vertically, with the origin at the top of the tank and the downward direction being positive (step 1).

The tank starts out full and ends with $4$ ft of water left, so, based on our chosen frame of reference, we need to partition the interval $\left[0,8\right].$ Then, for $i=0,1,2\text{,…},n,$ let $P=\left\{{x}_{i}\right\}$ be a regular partition of the interval $\left[0,8\right],$ and for $i=1,2\text{,…},n,$ choose an arbitrary point ${x}_{i}^{*}\in \left[{x}_{i-1},{x}_{i}\right].$ We can approximate the volume of a layer by using a disk, then use similar triangles to find the radius of the disk (see the following figure).

From properties of similar triangles, we have

$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \frac{{r}_{i}}{12-{x}_{i}^{*}}& =\hfill & \frac{4}{12}=\frac{1}{3}\hfill \\ \hfill 3{r}_{i}& =\hfill & 12-{x}_{i}^{*}\hfill \\ \hfill {r}_{i}& =\hfill & \frac{12-{x}_{i}^{*}}{3}\hfill \\ & =\hfill & 4-\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3}.\hfill \end{array}$

Then the volume of the disk is

${V}_{i}=\pi {\left(4-\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3}\right)}^{2}\text{Δ}x\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{(step 2).}$

The weight-density of water is $62.4$ lb/ft 3 , so the force needed to lift each layer is approximately

${F}_{i}\approx 62.4\pi {\left(4-\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3}\right)}^{2}\text{Δ}x\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{(step 3).}$

Based on the diagram, the distance the water must be lifted is approximately ${x}_{i}^{*}$ feet (step 4), so the approximate work needed to lift the layer is

${W}_{i}\approx 62.4\pi {x}_{i}^{*}{\left(4-\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3}\right)}^{2}\text{Δ}x\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{(step 5).}$

Summing the work required to lift all the layers, we get an approximate value of the total work:

$W=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{W}_{i}\approx \sum _{i=1}^{n}62.4\pi {x}_{i}^{*}{\left(4-\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3}\right)}^{2}\text{Δ}x\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{(step 6).}$

Taking the limit as $n\to \infty ,$ we obtain

$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill W& =\underset{n\to \infty }{\text{lim}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}62.4\pi {x}_{i}^{*}{\left(4-\frac{{x}_{i}^{*}}{3}\right)}^{2}\text{Δ}x\hfill \\ & ={\int }_{0}^{8}62.4\pi x{\left(4-\frac{x}{3}\right)}^{2}dx\hfill \\ & =62.4\pi {\int }_{0}^{8}x\left(16-\frac{8x}{3}+\frac{{x}^{2}}{9}\right)dx=62.4\pi {\int }_{0}^{8}\left(16x-\frac{8{x}^{2}}{3}+\frac{{x}^{3}}{9}\right)dx\hfill \\ & =62.4\pi {\left[8{x}^{2}-\frac{8{x}^{3}}{9}+\frac{{x}^{4}}{36}\right]\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}|}_{0}^{8}=10,649.6\pi \approx 33,456.7.\hfill \end{array}$

It takes approximately $33,450$ ft-lb of work to empty the tank to the desired level.

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