# 1.5 Exponential and logarithmic functions  (Page 9/17)

 Page 9 / 17

[T] The concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance is denoted by $\left[{\text{H}}^{+}\right],$ measured in moles per liter. The pH of a substance is defined by the logarithmic function $\text{pH}=\text{−}\text{log}\left[{\text{H}}^{+}\right].$ This function is used to measure the acidity of a substance. The pH of water is 7. A substance with a pH less than 7 is an acid, whereas one that has a pH of more than 7 is a base.

1. Find the pH of the following substances. Round answers to one digit.
2. Determine whether the substance is an acid or a base.
1. Eggs: $\left[{\text{H}}^{+}\right]=1.6\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-8}$ mol/L
2. Beer: $\left[{\text{H}}^{+}\right]=3.16\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-3}$ mol/L
3. Tomato Juice: $\left[{\text{H}}^{+}\right]=7.94\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-5}$ mol/L

i. a. pH = 8 b. Base ii. a. pH = 3 b. Acid iii. a. pH = 4 b. Acid

[T] Iodine-131 is a radioactive substance that decays according to the function $Q\left(t\right)={Q}_{0}·{e}^{-0.08664t},$ where ${Q}_{0}$ is the initial quantity of a sample of the substance and t is in days. Determine how long it takes (to the nearest day) for 95% of a quantity to decay.

[T] According to the World Bank, at the end of 2013 ( $t=0$ ) the U.S. population was 316 million and was increasing according to the following model:

$P\left(t\right)=316{e}^{0.0074t},$

where P is measured in millions of people and t is measured in years after 2013.

1. Based on this model, what will be the population of the United States in 2020?
2. Determine when the U.S. population will be twice what it is in 2013.

a. $~333$ million b. 94 years from 2013, or in 2107

[T] The amount A accumulated after 1000 dollars is invested for t years at an interest rate of 4% is modeled by the function $A\left(t\right)=1000{\left(1.04\right)}^{t}.$

1. Find the amount accumulated after 5 years and 10 years.
2. Determine how long it takes for the original investment to triple.

[T] A bacterial colony grown in a lab is known to double in number in 12 hours. Suppose, initially, there are 1000 bacteria present.

1. Use the exponential function $Q={Q}_{0}{e}^{kt}$ to determine the value $k,$ which is the growth rate of the bacteria. Round to four decimal places.
2. Determine approximately how long it takes for 200,000 bacteria to grow.

a. $k\approx 0.0578$ b. $\approx 92$ hours

[T] The rabbit population on a game reserve doubles every 6 months. Suppose there were 120 rabbits initially.

1. Use the exponential function $P={P}_{0}{a}^{t}$ to determine the growth rate constant $a.$ Round to four decimal places.
2. Use the function in part a. to determine approximately how long it takes for the rabbit population to reach 3500.

[T] The 1906 earthquake in San Francisco had a magnitude of 8.3 on the Richter scale. At the same time, in Japan, an earthquake with magnitude 4.9 caused only minor damage. Approximately how much more energy was released by the San Francisco earthquake than by the Japanese earthquake?

The San Francisco earthquake had ${10}^{3.4}\text{or}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}~2512$ times more energy than the Japan earthquake.

## Chapter review exercises

True or False ? Justify your answer with a proof or a counterexample.

A function is always one-to-one.

$f\circ g=g\circ f,$ assuming f and g are functions.

False

A relation that passes the horizontal and vertical line tests is a one-to-one function.

A relation passing the horizontal line test is a function.

False

For the following problems, state the domain and range of the given functions:

$f={x}^{2}+2x-3,\phantom{\rule{3em}{0ex}}g=\text{ln}\left(x-5\right),\phantom{\rule{3em}{0ex}}h=\frac{1}{x+4}$

find the domain and range of f(x)= 4x-7/x²-6x+8
find the range of f(x)=(x+1)(x+4)
-1, -4
Marcia
That's domain. The range is [-9/4,+infinity)
Jacob
If you're using calculus to find the range, you have to find the extrema through the first derivative test and then substitute the x-value for the extrema back into the original equation.
Jacob
Good morning,,, how are you
d/dx{1/y - lny + X^3.Y^5}
How to identify domain and range
hello
Akpevwe
He,,
Harrieta
hi
Dr
hello
velocity
I only talk to girls
Dr
women are smart then guys
Dr
Smarter
sorry
Dr
Dr
:(
Shun
was up
Dr
hello
is it chatting app?.. I do not see any calculus here. lol
Find the arc length of the graph of f(x) = In (sinx) on the interval [Π/4, Π/2].
Sand falling freely from a lorry form a conical shape whose height is always equal to one-third the radius of the base. a. How fast is the volume increasing when the radius of the base is (1m) and increasing at the rate of 1/4cm/sec Pls help me solve
show that lim f(x) + lim g(x)=m+l
list the basic elementary differentials
Differentiation and integration
yes
Damien
proper definition of derivative
the maximum rate of change of one variable with respect to another variable
terms of an AP is 1/v and the vth term is 1/u show that the sum of uv terms is 1/2(uv+1)
what is calculus?
calculus is math that studies the change in math, such as the rate and distance,
Tamarcus
what are the topics in calculus
Augustine
what is limit of a function?
what is x and how x=9.1 take?
what is f(x)
the function at x
Marc
also known as the y value so I could say y=2x or f(x)= 2x same thing just using functional notation your next question is what is dependent and independent variables. I am Dyslexic but know math and which is which confuses me. but one can vary the x value while y depends on which x you use. also
Marc
up domain and range
Marc
enjoy your work and good luck
Marc
I actually wanted to ask another questions on sets if u dont mind please?
Inembo
I have so many questions on set and I really love dis app I never believed u would reply
Inembo
Hmm go ahead and ask you got me curious too much conversation here
am sorry for disturbing I really want to know math that's why *I want to know the meaning of those symbols in sets* e.g n,U,A', etc pls I want to know it and how to solve its problems
Inembo
and how can i solve a question like dis *in a group of 40 students, 32 offer maths and 24 offer physics and 4 offer neither maths nor physics , how many offer both maths and physics*
Inembo
next questions what do dy mean by (A' n B^c)^c'
Inembo
The sets help you to define the function. The function is like a magic box where you put inside stuff(numbers or sets) and you get out the stuff but in different shapes (forms).
I dont understand what you wanna say by (A' n B^c)^c'
(A' n B (rise to the power of c)) all rise to the power of c
Inembo
Aaaahh
Ok so the set is formed by vectors and not numbers
A vector of length n
But you can make a set out of matrixes as well
I I don't even understand sets I wat to know d meaning of all d symbolsnon sets
Inembo
High-school?
yes
Inembo
am having big problem understanding sets more than other math topics
Inembo
So f:R->R means that the function takes real numbers and provides real numer. For ex. If f(x) =2x this means if you give to your function a real number like 2,it gives you also a real number 2times2=4
pls answer this question *in a group of 40 students, 32 offer maths and 24 offer physics and 4 offer neither maths nor physics , how many offer both maths and physics*
Inembo
If you have f:R^n->R^n you give to your function a vector of length n like (a1,a2,...an) where all a1,.. an are reals and gives you also a vector of length n... I don't know if i answering your question. Otherwise on YouTube you havr many videos where they explain it in a simple way
I would say 24
Offer both
Sorry 20
Actually you have 40 - 4 =36 who offer maths or physics or both.
I know its 20 but how to prove it
Inembo
You have 32+24=56who offer courses
56-36=20 who give both courses... I would say that
solution: In a question involving sets and Venn diagram, the sum of the members of set A + set B - the joint members of both set A and B + the members that are not in sets A or B = the total members of the set. In symbolic form n(A U B) = n(A) + n (B) - n (A and B) + n (A U B)'.
Mckenzie
In the case of sets A and B use the letters m and p to represent the sets and we have: n (M U P) = 40; n (M) = 24; n (P) = 32; n (M and P) = unknown; n (M U P)' = 4
Mckenzie
Now substitute the numerical values for the symbolic representation 40 = 24 + 32 - n(M and P) + 4 Now solve for the unknown using algebra: 40 = 24 + 32+ 4 - n(M and P) 40 = 60 - n(M and P) Add n(M and P), as well, subtract 40 from both sides of the equation to find the answer.
Mckenzie
40 - 40 + n(M and P) = 60 - 40 - n(M and P) + n(M and P) Solution: n(M and P) = 20
Mckenzie
thanks
Inembo
Simpler form: Add the sums of set M, set P and the complement of the union of sets M and P then subtract the number of students from the total.
Mckenzie
n(M and P) = (32 + 24 + 4) - 40 = 60 - 40 = 20
Mckenzie