# 23.6 The mystery of the gamma-ray bursts  (Page 12/27)

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How would the spectra of a type II supernova be different from a type Ia supernova? Hint: Consider the characteristics of the objects that are their source.

## Figuring for yourself

The ring around SN 1987A ( [link] ) initially became illuminated when energetic photons from the supernova interacted with the material in the ring. The radius of the ring is approximately 0.75 light-year from the supernova location. How long after the supernova did the ring become illuminated?

What is the acceleration of gravity ( g ) at the surface of the Sun? (See Appendix E for the Sun’s key characteristics.) How much greater is this than g at the surface of Earth? Calculate what you would weigh on the surface of the Sun. Your weight would be your Earth weight multiplied by the ratio of the acceleration of gravity on the Sun to the acceleration of gravity on Earth. (Okay, we know that the Sun does not have a solid surface to stand on and that you would be vaporized if you were at the Sun’s photosphere. Humor us for the sake of doing these calculations.)

What is the escape velocity from the Sun? How much greater is it than the escape velocity from Earth?

What is the average density of the Sun? How does it compare to the average density of Earth?

Say that a particular white dwarf has the mass of the Sun but the radius of Earth. What is the acceleration of gravity at the surface of the white dwarf? How much greater is this than g at the surface of Earth? What would you weigh at the surface of the white dwarf (again granting us the dubious notion that you could survive there)?

What is the escape velocity from the white dwarf in [link] ? How much greater is it than the escape velocity from Earth?

What is the average density of the white dwarf in [link] ? How does it compare to the average density of Earth?

Now take a neutron star that has twice the mass of the Sun but a radius of 10 km. What is the acceleration of gravity at the surface of the neutron star? How much greater is this than g at the surface of Earth? What would you weigh at the surface of the neutron star (provided you could somehow not become a puddle of protoplasm)?

What is the escape velocity from the neutron star in [link] ? How much greater is it than the escape velocity from Earth?

What is the average density of the neutron star in [link] ? How does it compare to the average density of Earth?

One way to calculate the radius of a star is to use its luminosity and temperature and assume that the star radiates approximately like a blackbody. Astronomers have measured the characteristics of central stars of planetary nebulae and have found that a typical central star is 16 times as luminous and 20 times as hot (about 110,000 K) as the Sun. Find the radius in terms of the Sun’s. How does this radius compare with that of a typical white dwarf?

According to a model described in the text, a neutron star has a radius of about 10 km. Assume that the pulses occur once per rotation. According to Einstein’s theory of relatively, nothing can move faster than the speed of light. Check to make sure that this pulsar model does not violate relativity. Calculate the rotation speed of the Crab Nebula pulsar at its equator, given its period of 0.033 s. (Remember that distance equals velocity × time and that the circumference of a circle is given by 2π R ).

Do the same calculations as in [link] but for a pulsar that rotates 1000 times per second.

If the Sun were replaced by a white dwarf with a surface temperature of 10,000 K and a radius equal to Earth’s, how would its luminosity compare to that of the Sun?

A supernova can eject material at a velocity of 10,000 km/s. How long would it take a supernova remnant to expand to a radius of 1 AU? How long would it take to expand to a radius of 1 light-years? Assume that the expansion velocity remains constant and use the relationship: $\text{expansion time}=\frac{\text{distance}}{\text{expansion velocity}}.$

A supernova remnant was observed in 2007 to be expanding at a velocity of 14,000 km/s and had a radius of 6.5 light-years. Assuming a constant expansion velocity, in what year did this supernova occur?

The ring around SN 1987A ( [link] ) started interacting with material propelled by the shockwave from the supernova beginning in 1997 (10 years after the explosion). The radius of the ring is approximately 0.75 light-year from the supernova location. How fast is the supernova material moving, assume a constant rate of motion in km/s?

Before the star that became SN 1987A exploded, it evolved from a red supergiant to a blue supergiant while remaining at the same luminosity. As a red supergiant, its surface temperature would have been approximately 4000 K, while as a blue supergiant, its surface temperature was 16,000 K. How much did the radius change as it evolved from a red to a blue supergiant?

What is the radius of the progenitor star that became SN 1987A? Its luminosity was 100,000 times that of the Sun, and it had a surface temperature of 16,000 K.

What is the acceleration of gravity at the surface of the star that became SN 1987A? How does this g compare to that at the surface of Earth? The mass was 20 times that of the Sun and the radius was 41 times that of the Sun.

What was the escape velocity from the surface of the SN 1987A progenitor star? How much greater is it than the escape velocity from Earth? The mass was 20 times that of the Sun and the radius was 41 times that of the Sun.

What was the average density of the star that became SN 1987A? How does it compare to the average density of Earth? The mass was 20 times that of the Sun and the radius was 41 times that of the Sun.

If the pulsar shown in [link] is rotating 100 times per second, how many pulses would be detected in one minute? The two beams are located along the pulsar’s equator, which is aligned with Earth.

what is the definitions of planet
A celestial body orbiting around a star
Asim
How to appear for MCQ in this app
I l don't understand questions
which quesrions?
Ankit
let it be
nitisha
How to make a telescope
Steve
***wikihow.com/Make-a-Telescope
Jennifer
optical mechanics
Astro
aptical
Nkateko
Which one has the ring
Saturn venue and even Jupiter all have rings the rings on Jupiter, however, aren't so easily noticed due to them only being viable through infrared
Hunter
visible *
Hunter
they each have three rings but not as you might think just think of them all as one big ring because that's basically what they are but they are desperate individual rings
Hunter
separate*
Hunter
can you tell me what is a quantam elighment? Lets see how many people give write answers
can you tell me what is a fomalhaut?
gdjm
Fomalhaut Is The Brightest Star In The Constalellation Of Piscis Austrinus.....
joe.
Tracy
Do You Mean Quantum Entanglement?
yes
gdjm
No Adam fomalhaut mean eye of universe
gdjm
quantum entanglement is when a husband has been married so long to his wife that he is directly influenced by her action usually in an opposite way. 🤣
Jocofranc
It Is Also The Brightest Star Of The The Constalellation Of Piscis Austrinus.....
who was the first person to get to the planet
Isaac
Is 5 dimensional exists
Asim
can anyone tell me daily rotation of the sun in tokyo
tokyo has it's own personal sun
Tracy
can you send me any pictures of the tokyo sun
Liridona
sure! ig?
Tracy
here can u?
Liridona
no it wont let me sadly
Tracy
or
Liridona
snapchat
Liridona
i dont have snapchat 😰
Tracy
okay ig
Liridona
my ig is fatwigga37 if you'd like to see :)
Tracy
Can we use SI units in the equation of Kepler's third law?
can u tell the equation pls
sasmita
how does religion enters to this topic when god created this world
Sakira
How Do You Know A God Created Our Planet?
Sakira
u must the bible
Sakira
How Do You That Book Is Authentic? And I Have Read The Bible, The Koran, The Torah And The Urantia.....
The law is T^2 is proportional to R^3 where t is planet's time period and r is average of semi major axis and semi minor axis. Also,don't turn this place into a religious warzone. We already have idiots fighting about religion.
priyanshu
If I Had A Book That Said Insects Created The Universe, Would That Make It Fact?
Have You Ever Heard Of The Council Of Nicaea?
Through Out History Mankind Has Worshipped Over 5000 Different Gods, How Do You Know Christ Is The True God?
God Is A Hypothesis..... The Definition Of Faith Is Belief Without Proof.....
Thank You Prianshu Roy, This Is A Forum For Science Not Archaic Stories Written By Sheep Herders, Well Said.....
Hebrew 13:1
onome
P2 = a3
So You Quote A Bible Verse, Now What?
Science Discourse Nothing Else.....
god is real he's not just a wise guess
Sakira
god bless you
Sakira
u know what,u are not here if god werent there!
Sakira
Science Discourse, Nothing Else.....
Thier Are Many Religious Sites You Can Go To, To Discuss God.....
hahahaha
Sakira
Have A Great Day.....
night time here
Sakira
Look Up The Definition Of Day, Instead Of Trying To Look Witty, Again Have A Great Day.....
😈😈😈
Sakira
such an socratic person?
Sakira
What Was Your Intention In Stating "Night Time Here" ?
please don't fight over silly stuffs!
Romancho
tangina mo
Sakira
No I Don't Believe A God Exist, But I Will Fight For Your Right To Worship Any God You Wish.....
no fighting
Sakira
But This Venue Is For Science Discourse.....
i know!
Sakira
No Fighting, Just Discussion.....
yes Naiyu, we have to use SI unit in the equation for the Kepler's every laws
Thanks.
Naiyu
wow
Kenneth
Asim
How it is created
Asim
Its a dust cloud of hydrogen
Asim
a nebula is usually formed when a star ends its life cycle
Chris
Ok
Asim
And its working?
Asim
When the time comes, most stars run out of available hydrogen they have for nuclear fusion
Chris
When that happens there is no more equilibrium between pressure and gravity
Chris
So there is no more pressure to balance the gravitational force, therefore a star collapses into its own core, and then the amount of matter inside the core is so large that the star explodes into a nebula
Chris
its a beautiful view, but very dangerous, the amount of radation is really big
Chris
Look it up on google, there are explanations better than mine
Chris
Ok thanks
Asim
Jenny
Gravity is the force that is formed due to the big mass of an object. The bigger is the mass, the bigger is the gravity. That is why the Earth attracts humans or small things. If We were bigger than the planet Earth we would have attracted it.
Lemisa
Tell me about white dwarf and red dwarf in simple words
Asim
what's the scene of voyager 1,did we get any information through it
we are getting a lot of info yet more to be received check official mission report from the officials site ....
Ganeshan
what are the best astronomy books?
what is the parallel space?
neehar
A brief history of time
Asim
planet and stars by Jay M. Pasachoff skyguide by wimmer chartrand
Minireet
how to measure the brightness of a star in w\m^2
it's based on the percentage of helium I think
neehar
ok TQ😊
Aarushi
it's based planet colour and brightness which called lumiosity
gdjm
Are there planets that has the same characteristics as earth.
yes ofcourse there are earth like planets but they aren't completely like earth.still scientists have a hope of life existence in there.
Aarushi
yeah of course example is Mars but they only discover water at mars
neehar
there's a much possibility of presence of earth like planets in the universe if they were present at goldilock zones
Jashwanth
what are goldilock zones?
Aarushi
why yes there are planets just like earth out there somewhere we know that much for sure given the number of planets in the galaxy, as a matter of fact, one of Jupiter moons officially named "gamamede" is very much like earth in size and characteristics
Hunter
How to become an astronomy
astronomer*
Emilya
Yes
Aakarsh
Astronomer
Aakarsh
yes i Also want to know the answer
Mehar
How to become?
Aakarsh
Me too
Romancho
By hard study
Zulker
Try to keep all the basics of science subjects and also English
Zulker
Ya i know that I will do hard work but
Aakarsh
I have always found astronomy fascinating, but my first love is philosophy.
GARY
I wanna become astromer as neel armstrang
Aakarsh
that's an astronaut
Emilya
Neil Armstrong
antman
what is your name who are you where are you why are you there
GARY
Neil Armstrong was an astronaut. You first work is to know the meaning of astrophysicist, astronomer, astronaut, astrologer and to find the work of the individual. And the most important thing is to be good in English. Because u have done some mistakes while doing chat with me like :an astronomer
Zulker
sorry I'm talking to somebody else someplace else on the internet
GARY
The heading will be "How to become an astronomer"
Zulker
jus be yourself and follow your passion and I think there is no need to copy anyone
Aarushi
hey it's simple yaar, it's based on your curiosity
neehar
what is the length of Earth
The Earth is not a perfect sphere, however it's roughly 25,000 miles, or 131.5 million feet, or 1.6 Billion inches. In the Metric system its HUGE!
Jocofranc
nyo
But can I also know and calculate the whole weight of earth includeing flora, funa,water on earth even air's weight.Depending on super compruter, I think it can be.For the very detail in the Metric System.Such as kilogram and pound.
nyo
Earth is about 6 Sextillion metric tons check out formula at ***science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/planet-earth-weigh.htm
Jocofranc
thank again Sr.I wanna ask another question if you don't mind.The earth had 4.5billion years age old.My question is from fire ball to today more and more stable geology was how happen.Please answer me starting of life on this planet and how many era are there and the earth history.
nyo
My friend you have asked a question(s) that scientists struggle with. There is no short cut...the information is lenghty. Here is an additional site for you. It is a good place to start. ***newscientist.com/article/dn17453-timeline-the-evolution-of-life/
Jocofranc
Sr,your web site is very useful to me.And another question is how gene or DNA transfer from parent to sibling.how we know the first DNA of our first human from arfarica.
nyo
Jocofranc
If speed is so many thousand time of light and start to travel from one point,how speed will return to it starting point even in straight line back.Will time and energy be limit it?Can it be posible.Please let me explain Sr.
nyo
hey neo ur curiosity is great, where r u from?
neehar
in physics actully no but thory make possible
gdjm
earth is about 13,000 kilometers across
Hunter
Yes 5 dimensions exist.
Andrew
isn't there 10 dimensions? 🤔
Collins
Yes there's 10 but I was answering his question on wether 5 dimensions exist.
Andrew
Why are there 10 dimensions and what's the difference between each one?
Candelaria
there are 26 dimensions exist according to the string theory.
YOG
and we can absorb 4 dimensions in general and special relativity
YOG
Why does traveling at close to light speed and being near super massive or dense objects affect space and time?
Andrew
oh yes I know that sorry, and thank u very much i was just making sure that was the case. its amazing.
Collins
26 according to string theory? wow I just thought 10
Collins
Yes 26 according to string theory.
Andrew
What's the difference between all 26?
Candelaria
And what's string theory?
Candelaria
Can I get any reference for introduction on string theory concept
Ayush
***youtu.be/Da-2h2B4faU
Collins
there is aliens or parallel universe
There may be both who knows
Debabrata
It would be quite surprising to me to learn that there is no aliens in our very own galaxy. The size of our galaxy alone seems to favour life. There's so many reasons why we haven't made contact but as our technology grows we will undoubtedly find answers. I also think that it's possible that ...
Jocofranc
But I don't think that that alien species might be developed.... Because if they were developed or advanced than us then they must have located us first and might have even contacted us
Debabrata
many other universes exist. I don't think that they would be parallel universes in the purest sense of the word. Only speculations on my part. We simply dont know with certainty.
Jocofranc
Hi Debabrata; You may be right. It's hard to say with certainty. An ugly truth (guess really) is that Tellurian are simply not interesting. We are not all that!
Jocofranc
Yeah Jocofranc you are also right about parallel universe. Who knows what lies ahead.
Debabrata
the parallel universe theory is something secondary but first let's focus on the nearby objects like titan which shows great hope
Aarushi
I read it before about aliens, but I have to research on it
neehar
yeah of course
neehar
What about XTs... Exo-Tellurians. Ancient people who could have obtain a spurt of technology and left home. Progression of men r not always linear but sometime cyclic. Civilization comes and goes. Geo-upheaval can easily erase any evidence. Our bros r out there. (have fun 😁)
Jocofranc
sir jocofranc I think u didn't listen about aliens who send a message to our space research organization.
neehar