Start Flashcards: Anatomy & Physiology: The Muscular System Essay

Question: Describe the fascicle arrangement in the muscles of the abdominal wall. How do they relate to each other?

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Arranged into layers, the muscles of the abdominal wall are the internal and external obliques, which run on diagonals, the rectus abdominis, which runs straight down the midline of the body, and the transversus abdominis, which wraps across the trunk of the body.

Question: List the general muscle groups of the shoulders and upper limbs as well as their subgroups.

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The muscles that make up the shoulders and upper limbs include the muscles that position the pelvic girdle, the muscles that move the humerus, the muscles that move the forearm, and the muscles that move the wrists, hands, and fingers.

Question: Explain the difference between axial and appendicular muscles.

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Axial muscles originate on the axial skeleton (the bones in the head, neck, and core of the body), whereas appendicular muscles originate on the bones that make up the body's limbs.

Question: Movements of the body occur at joints. Describe how muscles are arranged around the joints of the body.

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Muscles work in pairs to facilitate movement of the bones around the joints. Agonists are the prime movers while antagonists oppose or resist the movements of the agonists. Synergists assist the agonists, and fixators stabilize a muscle's origin.

Question: What are some similarities and differences between the diaphragm and the pelvic diaphragm?

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Both diaphragms are thin sheets of skeletal muscle that horizontally span areas of the trunk. The diaphragm separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the primary muscle of breathing. The pelvic diaphragm, consisting of two paired muscles, the coccygeus and the levator ani, forms the pelvic floor at the inferior end of the trunk.

Question: What effect does fascicle arrangement have on a muscle's action?

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Fascicle arrangements determine what type of movement a muscle can make. For instance, circular muscles act as sphincters, closing orifices.

Question: Explain how a synergist assists an agonist by being a fixator.

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Agonists are the prime movers while antagonists oppose or resist the movements of the agonists. Synergists assist the agonists, and fixators stabilize a muscle's origin.

Question: Describe the different criteria that contribute to how skeletal muscles are named.

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In anatomy and physiology, many word roots are Latin or Greek. Portions, or roots, of the word give us clues about the function, shape, action, or location of a muscle.

Question: The tendons of which muscles form the rotator cuff? Why is the rotator cuff important?

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Tendons of the infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres minor, and the subscapularis form the rotator cuff, which forms a foundation on which the arms and shoulders can be stabilized and move.

Question: Why are the muscles of the face different from typical skeletal muscle?

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Most skeletal muscles create movement by actions on the skeleton. Facial muscles are different in that they create facial movements and expressions by pulling on the skin-no bone movements are involved.

Question: Describe the muscles of the anterior neck.

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The muscles of the anterior neck are arranged to facilitate swallowing and speech. They work on the hyoid bone, with the suprahyoid muscles pulling up and the infrahyoid muscles pulling down.