4.4 Understand slope of a line

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By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Use geoboards to model slope
• Use $m=\frac{rise}{run}$ to find the slope of a line from its graph
• Find the slope of horizontal and vertical lines
• Use the slope formula to find the slope of a line between two points
• Graph a line given a point and the slope
• Solve slope applications

Before you get started, take this readiness quiz.

1. Simplify: $\frac{1–4}{8-2}$ .
If you missed this problem, review [link] .
2. Divide: $\frac{0}{4},\frac{4}{0}$ .
If you missed this problem, review [link] .
3. Simplify: $\frac{15}{-3},\frac{-15}{3},\frac{-15}{-3}$ .
If you missed this problem, review [link] .

When you graph linear equations, you may notice that some lines tilt up as they go from left to right and some lines tilt down. Some lines are very steep and some lines are flatter. What determines whether a line tilts up or down or if it is steep or flat?

In mathematics, the ‘tilt’ of a line is called the slope of the line. The concept of slope has many applications in the real world. The pitch of a roof, grade of a highway, and a ramp for a wheelchair are some examples where you literally see slopes. And when you ride a bicycle, you feel the slope as you pump uphill or coast downhill.

In this section, we will explore the concept of slope.

Use geoboards to model slope

A geoboard    is a board with a grid of pegs on it. Using rubber bands on a geoboard gives us a concrete way to model lines on a coordinate grid. By stretching a rubber band between two pegs on a geoboard, we can discover how to find the slope of a line.

Doing the Manipulative Mathematics activity “Exploring Slope” will help you develop a better understanding of the slope of a line. (Graph paper can be used instead of a geoboard, if needed.)

We’ll start by stretching a rubber band between two pegs as shown in [link] .

Doesn’t it look like a line?

Now we stretch one part of the rubber band straight up from the left peg and around a third peg to make the sides of a right triangle, as shown in [link]

We carefully make a 90º angle around the third peg, so one of the newly formed lines is vertical and the other is horizontal.

To find the slope of the line, we measure the distance along the vertical and horizontal sides of the triangle. The vertical distance is called the rise    and the horizontal distance is called the run    , as shown in [link] .

If our geoboard    and rubber band look just like the one shown in [link] , the rise is 2. The rubber band goes up 2 units. (Each space is one unit.)

What is the run?

The rubber band goes across 3 units. The run is 3 (see [link] ).

The slope of a line is the ratio of the rise to the run. In mathematics, it is always referred to with the letter $m$ .

Slope of a line

The slope of a line    of a line is $m=\frac{\text{rise}}{\text{run}}$ .

The rise    measures the vertical change and the run    measures the horizontal change between two points on the line.

What is the slope of the line on the geoboard in [link] ?

$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill m& =\hfill & \frac{\text{rise}}{\text{run}}\hfill \\ \hfill m& =\hfill & \frac{2}{3}\hfill \end{array}$

The line has slope $\frac{2}{3}$ . This means that the line rises 2 units for every 3 units of run.

When we work with geoboards, it is a good idea to get in the habit of starting at a peg on the left and connecting to a peg to the right. If the rise goes up it is positive and if it goes down it is negative. The run will go from left to right and be positive.

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—12
Thanks Felix.l also get confused with signs.
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Thank you for this
Shatey
ty
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think about it like you lost $19 (-19), then found$7(+7). Totally you lost just $12 (-12) Annushka I used to struggle a lot with negative numbers and math in general what I typically do is look at it in terms of money I have -$5 in my account I then take out 5 more dollars how much do I have in my account well-\$10 ... I also for a long time would draw it out on a number line to visualize it
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