# 5.2 Power functions and polynomial functions  (Page 5/19)

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Given the function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=0.2\left(x-2\right)\left(x+1\right)\left(x-5\right),\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ express the function as a polynomial in general form and determine the leading term, degree, and end behavior of the function.

The leading term is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}0.2{x}^{3},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ so it is a degree 3 polynomial. As $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ approaches positive infinity, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ increases without bound; as $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ approaches negative infinity, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ decreases without bound.

## Identifying local behavior of polynomial functions

In addition to the end behavior of polynomial functions, we are also interested in what happens in the “middle” of the function. In particular, we are interested in locations where graph behavior changes. A turning point is a point at which the function values change from increasing to decreasing or decreasing to increasing.

We are also interested in the intercepts. As with all functions, the y- intercept is the point at which the graph intersects the vertical axis. The point corresponds to the coordinate pair in which the input value is zero. Because a polynomial is a function, only one output value corresponds to each input value so there can be only one y- intercept $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(0,{a}_{0}\right).\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ The x- intercepts occur at the input values that correspond to an output value of zero. It is possible to have more than one x- intercept. See [link] .

## Intercepts and turning points of polynomial functions

A turning point    of a graph is a point at which the graph changes direction from increasing to decreasing or decreasing to increasing. The y- intercept is the point at which the function has an input value of zero. The x -intercepts are the points at which the output value is zero.

Given a polynomial function, determine the intercepts.

1. Determine the y- intercept by setting $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and finding the corresponding output value.
2. Determine the x -intercepts by solving for the input values that yield an output value of zero.

## Determining the intercepts of a polynomial function

Given the polynomial function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=\left(x-2\right)\left(x+1\right)\left(x-4\right),\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ written in factored form for your convenience, determine the y - and x -intercepts.

The y- intercept occurs when the input is zero so substitute 0 for $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x.$

$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill f\left(0\right)& =& {\left(0\right)}^{4}-4{\left(0\right)}^{2}-45\hfill \\ & =& -45\hfill \end{array}$

The y- intercept is (0, 8).

The x -intercepts occur when the output is zero.

$0=\left(x-2\right)\left(x+1\right)\left(x-4\right)$
$\begin{array}{ccccccccccc}\hfill x-2& =& 0\hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\text{or}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill x+1& =& 0\hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\text{or}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill x-4& =& 0\hfill \\ \hfill x& =& 2\hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\text{or}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill x& =& -1\hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\text{or}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill x& =& 4\hfill \end{array}$

The x -intercepts are $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(2,0\right),\left(–1,0\right),\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(4,0\right).$

We can see these intercepts on the graph of the function shown in [link] .

## Determining the intercepts of a polynomial function with factoring

Given the polynomial function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)={x}^{4}-4{x}^{2}-45,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ determine the y - and x -intercepts.

The y- intercept occurs when the input is zero.

$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill f\left(0\right)& =& {\left(0\right)}^{4}-4{\left(0\right)}^{2}-45\hfill \\ & =& -45\hfill \end{array}$

The y- intercept is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(0,-45\right).$

The x -intercepts occur when the output is zero. To determine when the output is zero, we will need to factor the polynomial.

$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill f\left(x\right)& =& {x}^{4}-4{x}^{2}-45\hfill \\ & =& \left({x}^{2}-9\right)\left({x}^{2}+5\right)\hfill \\ & =& \left(x-3\right)\left(x+3\right)\left({x}^{2}+5\right)\hfill \end{array}$
$\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}0=\left(x-3\right)\left(x+3\right)\left({x}^{2}+5\right)$

The x -intercepts are $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(3,0\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(–3,0\right).$

We can see these intercepts on the graph of the function shown in [link] . We can see that the function is even because $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=f\left(-x\right).$

Given the polynomial function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=2{x}^{3}-6{x}^{2}-20x,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ determine the y - and x -intercepts.

y -intercept $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(0,0\right);\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ x -intercepts $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(0,0\right),\left(–2,0\right),\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\left(5,0\right)$

A laser rangefinder is locked on a comet approaching Earth. The distance g(x), in kilometers, of the comet after x days, for x in the interval 0 to 30 days, is given by g(x)=250,000csc(π30x). Graph g(x) on the interval [0, 35]. Evaluate g(5)  and interpret the information. What is the minimum distance between the comet and Earth? When does this occur? To which constant in the equation does this correspond? Find and discuss the meaning of any vertical asymptotes.
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Sin(A+B) = sinBcosA+cosBsinA
Prove it
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