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9.1 Classification of joints Read Online
9.2 Fibrous joints Read Online
9.3 Cartilaginous joints Read Online
9.4 Synovial joints Read Online
9.5 Types of body movements Read Online
After this chapter, you will be able to:
The adult human body has 206 bones, and with the exception of the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined to each other by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide for little or no movement. Importantly, joint stability and movement are related to each other. This means that stable joints allow for little or no mobility between the adjacent bones. Conversely, joints that provide the most movement between bones are the least stable. Understanding the relationship between joint structure and function will help to explain why particular types of joints are found in certain areas of the body.
The articulating surfaces of bones at stable types of joints, with little or no mobility, are strongly united to each other. For example, most of the joints of the skull are held together by fibrous connective tissue and do not allow for movement between the adjacent bones. This lack of mobility is important, because the skull bones serve to protect the brain. Similarly, other joints united by fibrous connective tissue allow for very little movement, which provides stability and weight-bearing support for the body. For example, the tibia and fibula of the leg are tightly united to give stability to the body when standing. At other joints, the bones are held together by cartilage, which permits limited movements between the bones. Thus, the joints of the vertebral column only allow for small movements between adjacent vertebrae, but when added together, these movements provide the flexibility that allows your body to twist, or bend to the front, back, or side. In contrast, at joints that allow for wide ranges of motion, the articulating surfaces of the bones are not directly united to each other. Instead, these surfaces are enclosed within a space filled with lubricating fluid, which allows the bones to move smoothly against each other. These joints provide greater mobility, but since the bones are free to move in relation to each other, the joint is less stable. Most of the joints between the bones of the appendicular skeleton are this freely moveable type of joint. These joints allow the muscles of the body to pull on a bone and thereby produce movement of that body region. Your ability to kick a soccer ball, pick up a fork, and dance the tango depend on mobility at these types of joints.
Question: bedsore
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sore on the skin that develops when regions of the body start necrotizing due to constant pressure and lack of blood supply; also called decubitis ulcers
Question: albinism
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genetic disorder that affects the skin, in which there is no melanin production
Question: basal cell
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type of stem cell found in the stratum basale and in the hair matrix that continually undergoes cell division, producing the keratinocytes of the epidermis
Question: callus
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thickened area of skin that arises due to constant abrasion
Question: arrector pili
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smooth muscle that is activated in response to external stimuli that pull on hair follicles and make the hair "stand up"
Question: catagen
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transitional phase marking the end of the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle
Question: apocrine sweat gland
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type of sweat gland that is associated with hair follicles in the armpits and genital regions
Question: basal cell
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carcinoma cancer that originates from basal cells in the epidermis of the skin
Question: acne
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skin condition due to infected sebaceous glands
Question: corn
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type of callus that is named for its shape and the elliptical motion of the abrasive force
Question: anagen
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active phase of the hair growth cycle
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